{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225316855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","title":"Visualizing Disintegration Pathways of Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Water and Thickened Media Using Cryo-FIB-SEM and X-Ray CT","display_name":"Visualizing Disintegration Pathways of Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Water and Thickened Media Using Cryo-FIB-SEM and X-Ray CT","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225316855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30283931","display_name":"Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"1999-4923","issn":["1999-4923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160943848","display_name":"Momoyo Noji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2741-0628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2741-0628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119182057","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mzk4q39","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Momoyo Noji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2741-0628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022877864","display_name":"\u5409\u660e \u85e4\u7530","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119182057","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mzk4q39","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiaki Fujita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Formulation Design in Drug Delivery, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Formulation Design in Drug Delivery, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160884231","display_name":"Haruka Watarai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160413","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04wn7d698","country_code":"JP","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160413"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haruka Watarai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University Hospital, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University Hospital, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061365228","display_name":"S Matsukawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6280-8637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6280-8637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119182057","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mzk4q39","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunsuke Matsukawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6280-8637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056445369","display_name":"Noriko Hida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-597X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-597X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119182057","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mzk4q39","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noriko Hida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-597X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025500329","display_name":"Tsutomu Harada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-0019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-0019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119182057","display_name":"SHOWA Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mzk4q39","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23172683","display_name":"Meiji Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wm7p047","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23172683"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tsutomu Harada","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMC and Pharmaceutical Design Engineering, Department of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan","Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4617-0019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMC and Pharmaceutical Design Engineering, Department of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23172683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Pharmacy, SHOWA Medical University, 6-11-11 Kita-karasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025500329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119182057","https://openalex.org/I23172683"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"1440","last_page":"1440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10256","display_name":"Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10256","display_name":"Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11358","display_name":"Dysphagia Assessment and Management","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orally-disintegrating-tablets","display_name":"orally disintegrating tablets","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tablet-disintegration","display_name":"tablet disintegration","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dysphagia","display_name":"dysphagia","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superdisintegrants","display_name":"superdisintegrants","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crospovidone","display_name":"crospovidone","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-starch-glycolate","display_name":"sodium starch glycolate","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-blocking","display_name":"pore blocking","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capillarity","display_name":"capillarity","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tablet-microstructure","display_name":"tablet microstructure","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-gastric-fluid","display_name":"simulated gastric fluid","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.5819000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196806460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188603","display_name":"Capillary action","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200990466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271707","display_name":"Rheology","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102951782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49295","display_name":"Atomic force microscopy","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93877712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132560","display_name":"Electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6556556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899239","display_name":"Contact angle","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777825092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042540","display_name":"X-ray microtomography","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161866238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258563","display_name":"Focused ion beam","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30283931","display_name":"Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"1999-4923","issn":["1999-4923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18111440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30283931","display_name":"Pharmaceutics","issn_l":"1999-4923","issn":["1999-4923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pharmaceutics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367947480","https://openalex.org/W2888164089","https://openalex.org/W4289223172","https://openalex.org/W4388036199","https://openalex.org/W2065709478","https://openalex.org/W3046885953","https://openalex.org/W4319027776","https://openalex.org/W2086881709","https://openalex.org/W4307227113","https://openalex.org/W1797382814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Orally":[1],"disintegrating":[2],"tablets":[3,137,152,185,199],"(ODTs)":[4],"are":[5,216],"often":[6],"used":[7],"for":[8,236,262],"patients":[9],"with":[10,15,148,165,218,230],"dysphagia;":[11],"however,":[12],"their":[13],"co-administration":[14],"\u201cthickened":[16],"water\u201d":[17],"in":[18,43,169,183,200,222,254],"clinical":[19],"settings":[20],"can":[21],"delay":[22],"disintegration":[23,79,104,124,196,267],"and":[24,103,123,242,257],"potentially":[25],"reduce":[26],"therapeutic":[27],"efficacy.":[28],"While":[29],"wicking":[30],"networks":[31],"formed":[32,138,153],"by":[33,108],"superdisintegrants":[34],"facilitate":[35],"rapid":[36,237],"disintegration,":[37],"we":[38],"hypothesized":[39],"that":[40,135,142,209],"viscous":[41,227,255],"polymers":[42],"thickened":[44],"water":[45],"cause":[46],"\u201cpore":[47],"clogging\u201d":[48],"within":[49],"these":[50,175],"networks.":[51],"Although":[52],"conventional":[53],"macroscopic":[54],"evaluations":[55],"have":[56],"demonstrated":[57,160],"this":[58,70],"delay,":[59],"direct":[60,247],"visualization":[61],"of":[62,78,197,210,225,250,265],"the":[63,75,179,191,195,231],"underlying":[64],"microstructural":[65,76],"changes":[66,168],"remains":[67],"unexplored.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"study":[71],"aimed":[72],"to":[73,190,208],"elucidate":[74],"mechanisms":[77],"delay.":[80],"Methods:":[81],"Simplified":[82],"model":[83],"ODTs":[84],"containing":[85],"either":[86],"a":[87,92,219,226,259],"wicking-type":[88],"(crospovidone":[89],"[CP])":[90],"or":[91],"swelling-type":[93],"(sodium":[94],"starch":[95],"glycolate":[96],"[SSG])":[97],"disintegrant":[98],"were":[99,106,187],"prepared.":[100],"Their":[101],"microstructures":[102],"behaviors":[105],"evaluated":[107],"cryogenic":[109],"focused":[110],"ion":[111],"beam":[112],"scanning":[113],"electron":[114],"microscopy":[115],"(Cryo-FIB-SEM),":[116],"three-dimensional":[117],"(3D)":[118],"X-ray":[119,157,243],"computed":[120],"tomography":[121],"(CT),":[122],"tests":[125],"under":[126],"simulated":[127,201],"gastric":[128,202],"conditions":[129],"(pH":[130],"1.2).":[131],"Results:":[132],"Cryo-FIB-SEM":[133,241],"revealed":[134],"CP-containing":[136,173,198],"numerous":[139],"channel-like":[140],"pores":[141],"promoted":[143],"capillary":[144],"action":[145],"upon":[146],"contact":[147],"water,":[149],"whereas":[150,182],"SSG-containing":[151,184,211],"larger,":[154],"isolated":[155],"macropores.":[156],"CT":[158,244],"analysis":[159],"distinct":[161],"low-density":[162],"regions":[163,176],"associated":[164],"penetration-induced":[166],"structural":[167,252],"both":[170],"formulations.":[171],"In":[172],"tablets,":[174],"extended":[177],"throughout":[178],"channel":[180],"network,":[181],"they":[186],"largely":[188],"confined":[189],"tablet":[192,238,266],"surface.":[193],"Consequently,":[194],"fluid":[203],"was":[204],"significantly":[205],"delayed":[206],"compared":[207],"tablets.":[212],"Conclusions:":[213],"The":[214],"findings":[215],"consistent":[217],"pore-clogging":[220],"mechanism":[221],"which":[223],"penetration":[224],"medium":[228],"interferes":[229],"liquid":[232],"transport":[233],"pathways":[234],"responsible":[235],"disintegration.":[239],"Combined":[240],"imaging":[245],"provided":[246],"morphological":[248],"evidence":[249],"disintegrant-dependent":[251],"responses":[253],"media":[256],"offers":[258],"new":[260],"framework":[261],"mechanistic":[263],"investigation":[264],"processes.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}