{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225315871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","title":"Integrated optimization of thermal and mechanical properties of electrical insulation paper based on APTES modification","display_name":"Integrated optimization of thermal and mechanical properties of electrical insulation paper based on APTES modification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225315871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68960-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68960-2_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037152229","display_name":"Xiaozhou Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-3232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-3232"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhou Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160769476","display_name":"Junjie Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122295793","display_name":"Hanwen Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6051-6949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6051-6949"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanwen Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160847609","display_name":"Haitao Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101381626","display_name":"Fangcheng Lyu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangcheng Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037152229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10511","display_name":"High voltage insulation and dielectric phenomena","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11145","display_name":"Epoxy Resin Curing Processes","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11343","display_name":"Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"thermal conductivity","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glass-transition-temperature","display_name":"glass transition temperature","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-s-modulus","display_name":"Young's modulus","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-constant","display_name":"dielectric constant","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-strength","display_name":"dielectric strength","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-bonding","display_name":"hydrogen bonding","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epoxy-composites","display_name":"epoxy composites","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-compatibility","display_name":"interfacial compatibility","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wettability","display_name":"wettability","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree-of-grafting","display_name":"grafting degree","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-dissipation","display_name":"heat dissipation","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.8033000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122865956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825643","display_name":"Glass transition","level":3,"score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166595027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143983","display_name":"Epoxy","level":2,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.6087999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64839514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918306","display_name":"Thermal insulation","level":3,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70401718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343241","display_name":"Dielectric strength","level":3,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134514944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817136","display_name":"Wetting","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160434732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2611095","display_name":"Thermal decomposition","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57863236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130571","display_name":"Doping","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91066073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417868","display_name":"Dielectric loss","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47463417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6583695","display_name":"Thermal expansion","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33947775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271439","display_name":"Elongation","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68960-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-68960-2","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-68960-2_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225315871.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225315871.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2597907983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204197805","https://openalex.org/W4399601227","https://openalex.org/W2570222907","https://openalex.org/W4386048952","https://openalex.org/W7164149235","https://openalex.org/W4392378441","https://openalex.org/W4411227652","https://openalex.org/W4372279840","https://openalex.org/W4417438452","https://openalex.org/W7170471060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crepe":[0],"insulation":[1,7,37,44,84,308],"paper":[2,207],"serves":[3],"as":[4,39,272],"the":[5,40,48,52,70,76,150,262,301],"core":[6],"material":[8],"for":[9,28,300],"dry-type":[10,259],"high-voltage":[11],"bushings":[12],"rated":[13],"110":[14],"kV":[15],"and":[16,23,64,79,125,145,194,220,236,248,287,297,304],"above,":[17],"where":[18],"integrated":[19],"optimization":[20],"of":[21,35,42,51,72,82,106,113,118,123,161,167,172,178,182,187,191,202,217,223,306],"thermal":[22,104,164,267,285],"mechanical":[24],"properties":[25,50,81],"is":[26,269],"critical":[27],"high-end":[29],"product":[30],"development.":[31],"The":[32],"intrinsic":[33],"performance":[34],"flat-sheet":[36,83],"paper,":[38,45],"basis":[41],"crepe":[43],"directly":[46],"determines":[47],"overall":[49,155],"final":[53],"product.":[54],"Here,":[55],"we":[56],"employ":[57],"a":[58,91,229],"multiscale":[59],"approach":[60],"combining":[61],"molecular":[62],"simulations":[63,88],"experimental":[65,298],"validation":[66],"to":[67,95,129,198,242,254],"systematically":[68],"investigate":[69],"effects":[71],"APTES":[73,97],"modification":[74],"on":[75,136],"thermal,":[77],"mechanical,":[78],"electrical":[80],"paper.":[85],"Molecular":[86],"dynamics":[87],"reveal":[89,228],"that":[90,149],"grafting":[92],"ratio":[93],"corresponding":[94],"7%":[96,151],"treatment":[98],"concentration":[99],"achieves":[100],"optimal":[101],"modification,":[102],"with":[103,140,213,245],"conductivity":[105,268],"0.351":[107],"W/(m":[108],"K),":[109],"glass":[110,158,214],"transition":[111,159,215],"temperature":[112,160,166,216],"455":[114],"K,":[115,163,169],"Young\u2019s":[116,180],"modulus":[117,181],"3.91":[119],"GPa,":[120,184],"dielectric":[121,185],"constant":[122,186],"3.95,":[124],"hydrogen":[126],"bonds":[127],"increasing":[128],"351":[130],"per":[131],"unit":[132],"cell.":[133],"Experimental":[134],"studies":[135],"modified":[137],"base":[138,206],"papers":[139],"0%,":[141],"3%,":[142],"5%,":[143],"7%,":[144],"10%":[146],"doping":[147],"confirm":[148],"sample":[152],"exhibits":[153],"superior":[154],"performance,":[156],"including":[157],"418.98":[162],"decomposition":[165],"585.95":[168],"tensile":[170],"strength":[171,190,222],"6.902":[173],"N/mm,":[174],"elongation":[175],"at":[176],"break":[177],"1.492%,":[179],"3.602":[183],"4.25,":[188],"breakdown":[189,221],"42.1":[192],"kV/mm,":[193],"contact":[195],"angle":[196],"reduced":[197],"63.7\u00b0.":[199],"Further":[200],"fabrication":[201],"epoxy":[203,246],"resin/7%":[204],"APTES-modified":[205],"composites":[208],"demonstrates":[209],"enhanced":[210,237],"interfacial":[211,238],"compatibility,":[212],"398":[218],"K":[219],"68.2":[224],"kV/mm.":[225],"These":[226],"results":[227],"coherent":[230],"mechanism":[231,293],"involving":[232],"hydrogen-bond":[233],"network":[234],"reconstruction":[235],"interactions,":[239],"which":[240],"contribute":[241],"improved":[243],"wettability":[244],"resin":[247],"strengthened":[249],"interface":[250],"bonding,":[251],"thereby":[252,283],"leading":[253],"elevated":[255],"macroscopic":[256],"properties.":[257],"For":[258],"bushing":[260],"applications,":[261],"~":[263],"27.7%":[264],"enhancement":[265],"in":[266],"particularly":[270],"advantageous":[271],"it":[273],"facilitates":[274],"more":[275],"efficient":[276],"heat":[277],"dissipation":[278],"from":[279],"winding":[280],"hot":[281],"spots,":[282],"reducing":[284],"stress":[286],"potentially":[288],"extending":[289],"service":[290],"life.":[291],"This":[292],"offers":[294],"theoretical":[295],"direction":[296],"support":[299],"targeted":[302],"design":[303],"development":[305],"high-performance":[307],"papers.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
