{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225313749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","title":"Evaluation of the Congo Air Boundary in reanalyses during the 2022 DRY-CAB field campaign","display_name":"Evaluation of the Congo Air Boundary in reanalyses during the 2022 DRY-CAB field campaign","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225313749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80591372","display_name":"Journal of Climate","issn_l":"0894-8755","issn":["0894-8755","1520-0442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101416312","display_name":"Charles A. Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6792-2789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6792-2789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069265921","display_name":"Richard Washington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-4614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-4614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Washington","raw_affiliation_strings":["aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033715965","display_name":"Callum Munday","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6436-5813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6436-5813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Callum Munday","raw_affiliation_strings":["aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"aSchool of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050036487","display_name":"Edson Nkonde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-4092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0739-4092"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edson Nkonde","raw_affiliation_strings":["bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129287730","display_name":"Felix Imbwae","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Imbwae","raw_affiliation_strings":["bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129109480","display_name":"Wallace Kasongo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wallace Kasongo","raw_affiliation_strings":["bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"bZambia Meteorological Department, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dryline","display_name":"dryline","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reanalysis-evaluation","display_name":"reanalysis evaluation","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/era5-reanalysis","display_name":"ERA5 reanalysis","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merra-2","display_name":"MERRA-2","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-transport","display_name":"moisture transport","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainy-season-onset","display_name":"rainy season onset","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-cycle","display_name":"diurnal cycle","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-instability","display_name":"atmospheric instability","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-africa","display_name":"Southern Africa","score":0.5690000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.7224000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.6449000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63991900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469559","display_name":"Diurnal cycle","level":2,"score":0.6337000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5184000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162725370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52643","display_name":"Daytime","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144329363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996377","display_name":"Convergence zone","level":2,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155491033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3268911","display_name":"Convective instability","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1063457","display_name":"Extratropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89298926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374640","display_name":"Atmospheric instability","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150284090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2615451","display_name":"Atmospheric circulation","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133830359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81041","display_name":"Water cycle","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58024561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207721","display_name":"Latent heat","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200711233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931652","display_name":"Atmospheric convection","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80591372","display_name":"Journal of Climate","issn_l":"0894-8755","issn":["0894-8755","1520-0442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-26-0084.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80591372","display_name":"Journal of Climate","issn_l":"0894-8755","issn":["0894-8755","1520-0442"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215103855","https://openalex.org/W7135408937","https://openalex.org/W2906814358","https://openalex.org/W7222700309","https://openalex.org/W4385483565","https://openalex.org/W7223252113","https://openalex.org/W2973058906","https://openalex.org/W2084132840","https://openalex.org/W1998120523","https://openalex.org/W2945866713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"Congo":[2],"Air":[3],"Boundary":[4],"(CAB)":[5],"is":[6,57,62],"a":[7,22,66,192,230],"synoptic-scale":[8],"dryline":[9,110],"and":[10,20,29,47,87,105,114,164,172,180,202,214,225],"convergence":[11],"zone":[12],"that":[13,126,204],"forms":[14],"across":[15,248],"southern":[16],"Africa":[17],"from":[18,71,130,166],"August-November":[19],"plays":[21],"central":[23],"role":[24],"in":[25,59,100,147,156,169,197],"both":[26],"rainfall":[27,209],"onset":[28,210],"projections":[30],"of":[31,38,81,137,143,195,199],"regional":[32],"drying.":[33],"Until":[34],"recently":[35],"our":[36],"understanding":[37],"the":[39,51,55,72,79,92,101,135,138,144,200,219,235,241,249],"CAB":[40,56,201],"has":[41],"relied":[42],"almost":[43],"entirely":[44],"on":[45],"reanalysis":[46,208],"model":[48],"data,":[49],"but":[50],"fidelity":[52],"with":[53,140,212],"which":[54],"reproduced":[58],"these":[60,127,205],"datasets":[61],"not":[63],"known.":[64],"Using":[65],"new":[67],"observational":[68],"benchmark":[69],"derived":[70],"DRY-CAB":[73],"field":[74],"campaign,":[75],"this":[76],"study":[77],"evaluates":[78],"ability":[80],"three":[82,95],"reanalyses":[83,96,247],"\u2013":[84,89],"ERA5,":[85],"MERRA-2,":[86],"JRA-3Q":[88,157,226],"to":[90,134,217],"reproduce":[91],"CAB.":[93],"All":[94],"exhibit":[97,175],"substantial":[98],"errors":[99,128,206],"CAB\u2019s":[102],"mesoscale":[103],"structure":[104],"circulation:":[106],"no":[107],"product":[108],"captures":[109],"strength":[111],"(biases":[112,184],">\u00b125%),":[113],"only":[115],"ERA5":[116,171,213],"successfully":[117],"reproduces":[118],"its":[119],"diurnal":[120,154],"evolution.":[121],"A":[122],"process-based":[123],"evaluation":[124],"reveals":[125],"stem":[129],"mis-represented":[131],"moisture":[132,141,190],"transport":[133],"north":[136],"CAB,":[139],"fluxes":[142],"wrong":[145,236],"sign":[146],"MERRA-2":[148,173,215],"(\u2212120%":[149],"bias),":[150],"exhibiting":[151],"an":[152],"incorrect":[153],"cycle":[155],"(maximum":[158],"at":[159],"20:00":[160],"rather":[161],"than":[162],"02:00),":[163],"arising":[165],"compensating":[167],"biases":[168],"ERA5.":[170],"additionally":[174],"excessive":[176],"11:00":[177],"LT":[178],"instability":[179],"daytime":[181],"near-surface":[182],"drying":[183],"71-221%).":[185],"We":[186],"identify":[187],"cross-dryline":[188],"soil":[189],"as":[191],"key":[193],"driver":[194],"differences":[196],"representations":[198],"show":[203],"shape":[207],"meteorology,":[211],"failing":[216],"capture":[218],"sharp":[220],"observed":[221],"convective":[222],"regime":[223],"shifts":[224],"reproducing":[227],"observations":[228],"through":[229],"spurious":[231],"circulation":[232],"(\u201cright":[233],"for":[234,243],"reasons\u201d).":[237],"Our":[238],"findings":[239],"underscore":[240],"need":[242],"caution":[244],"when":[245],"using":[246],"data-sparse":[250],"subtropics.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
