{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225313660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","title":"Hepatitis B and C infections and risk of age related macular degeneration in a nationwide Korean cohort","display_name":"Hepatitis B and C infections and risk of age related macular degeneration in a nationwide Korean cohort","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225313660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77689-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77689-x_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053292130","display_name":"Kyung Jun Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-4153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-4153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139505","display_name":"Gangneung Asan Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03pw3x387","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139505","https://openalex.org/I4210167194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89079967","display_name":"Catholic Kwandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n486907","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung Jun Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea","Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001","https://openalex.org/I4210139505"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068736576","display_name":"Hyeon Cheol Roh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-6087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-6087"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyeon Cheol Roh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kim\u2019s Eye Clinic, Changwon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kim\u2019s Eye Clinic, Changwon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025921606","display_name":"Woong\u2010Sub Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-3927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-3927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89079967","display_name":"Catholic Kwandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n486907","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woong-Sub Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160793563","display_name":"Sang-Wook Yi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89079967","display_name":"Catholic Kwandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05n486907","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Wook Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, 24, Beomil-Ro 579Beon-Gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-Do, 25601, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160793563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89079967"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11194","display_name":"Ocular Diseases and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Syndrome","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b-virus","display_name":"hepatitis B virus","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c-virus","display_name":"hepatitis C virus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"age-related macular degeneration","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exudative-amd","display_name":"exudative AMD","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"dry age-related macular degeneration","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-hepatitis","display_name":"viral hepatitis","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amd-risk-factors","display_name":"AMD risk factors","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-adults","display_name":"Korean adults","score":0.6420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9186999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780593183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6844","display_name":"Hepatitis B virus","level":3,"score":0.6358000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.621399998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6853","display_name":"Hepatitis B","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.5063999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776455275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154869","display_name":"Hepatitis C","level":2,"score":0.5055000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776408679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708693","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus","level":3,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780664029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282120","display_name":"Disease burden","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777072776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1983841","display_name":"Viral hepatitis","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131742","display_name":"Hepatitis","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77689-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-77689-x","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-77689-x_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322053","display_name":"National Health Insurance Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05efm5n07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225313660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225313660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914744739","https://openalex.org/W3159936442","https://openalex.org/W7112633669","https://openalex.org/W2764003280","https://openalex.org/W2885545977","https://openalex.org/W3121321716","https://openalex.org/W2131202801","https://openalex.org/W2007114439","https://openalex.org/W602582742","https://openalex.org/W4220652494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Evidence":[1],"on":[2],"viral":[3],"hepatitis":[4,20,25],"and":[5,24,63,69,89,130,154,171,182],"age-related":[6],"macular":[7],"degeneration":[8],"(AMD)":[9],"remains":[10],"limited,":[11],"particularly":[12],"from":[13],"long-term":[14],"prospective":[15],"studies.":[16],"We":[17],"investigated":[18],"whether":[19],"B":[21],"virus":[22,27],"(HBV)":[23],"C":[26],"(HCV)":[28],"infections":[29,71,173],"are":[30],"associated":[31,114,142,175],"with":[32,115,143,176],"the":[33],"subsequent":[34],"development":[35],"of":[36,95,118,146,179],"AMD":[37,78,120,132,148,156],"in":[38,61,165,167],"a":[39],"nationwide":[40],"Korean":[41,93],"cohort.":[42],"Using":[43],"National":[44],"Health":[45],"Insurance":[46],"Service":[47],"data,":[48],"we":[49],"included":[50],"12,386,563":[51],"adults":[52],"aged":[53],"\u2265":[54],"40":[55],"years":[56],"who":[57],"underwent":[58],"health":[59],"examinations":[60],"2009\u20132010":[62],"were":[64,72,174],"followed":[65],"through":[66],"2023.":[67],"HBV":[68,111,170],"HCV":[70,138,172],"identified":[73],"using":[74,83,92],"diagnostic":[75],"codes.":[76,97],"Incident":[77],"was":[79,113,140],"classified":[80],"as":[81,90],"exudative":[82,119,147,181],"Rare":[84],"Intractable":[85],"Disease":[86],"registration":[87],"codes":[88],"nonexudative":[91,131,155,183],"Classification":[94],"Diseases":[96],"During":[98],"follow-up,":[99],"388,652":[100],"participants":[101],"developed":[102],"incident":[103],"AMD.":[104,184],"In":[105],"multivariable":[106],"Cox":[107],"proportional":[108],"hazards":[109],"models,":[110],"infection":[112,139],"increased":[116,144,177],"risks":[117,145,178],"(hazard":[121],"ratio":[122],"[HR]":[123],"1.18,":[124],"95%":[125,135,151,159],"confidence":[126],"interval":[127],"[CI]":[128],"1.05\u20131.32)":[129],"(HR":[133,149,157],"1.68,":[134],"CI":[136,152,160],"1.60\u20131.76).":[137],"also":[141],"1.53,":[150],"1.27\u20131.86)":[153],"1.41,":[158],"1.27\u20131.57).":[161],"Associations":[162],"appeared":[163],"stronger":[164],"women":[166],"sex-stratified":[168],"analyses.":[169],"both":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
