{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225312690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","title":"Multi-Response Optimization and Quality Assessment of Whey Yogurt Using a Constrained Mixture Design","display_name":"Multi-Response Optimization and Quality Assessment of Whey Yogurt Using a Constrained Mixture Design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225312690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064853989","display_name":"Arb\u00ebr Hyseni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-332X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-332X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arb\u00ebr Hyseni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Technology, University \u201cIsa Boletini\u201d Mitrovic\u00eb, 40000 Mitrovica, Kosovo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-332X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Technology, University \u201cIsa Boletini\u201d Mitrovic\u00eb, 40000 Mitrovica, Kosovo","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046979242","display_name":"Vladimir Dimche Kitanovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6765"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012568","display_name":"Mother Teresa University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wnz0192","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012568"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Kitanovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Processing Technology and Biotechnology, Mother Teresa University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Processing Technology and Biotechnology, Mother Teresa University, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063199392","display_name":"Biljana Trajkovska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-648X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-648X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802401942","display_name":"University \"St. Kliment Ohridski\" - Bitola","ror":"https://ror.org/04161ta68","country_code":"MK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802401942"]}],"countries":["MK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biljana Trajkovska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biotechnology, University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d\u2014Bitola, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-648X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biotechnology, University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d\u2014Bitola, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802401942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026489681","display_name":"Gjore Nakov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-8412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-8412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gjore Nakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Sliven, Technical University of Sofia, 8800 Sliven, Bulgaria","European University of Technology, European Union, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-8412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Sliven, Technical University of Sofia, 8800 Sliven, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European University of Technology, European Union, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046979242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012568"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"10966","last_page":"10966"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.5038999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.5038999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14438","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Research Methods","score":0.39750000834465027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11798","display_name":"Optimal Experimental Design Methods","score":0.05119999870657921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whey-valorization","display_name":"whey valorization","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skim-milk-powder","display_name":"skim milk powder","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-response-optimization","display_name":"multi-response optimization","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desirability-function","display_name":"desirability function","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syneresis","display_name":"syneresis","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-holding-capacity","display_name":"water holding capacity","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gel-stability","display_name":"gel stability","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-storage","display_name":"cold storage","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ph","display_name":"pH","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-phenolic-content","display_name":"total phenolic content","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiological-quality","display_name":"microbiological quality","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermented-dairy-products","display_name":"fermented dairy products","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-by-products","display_name":"dairy by-products","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formulation-optimization","display_name":"formulation optimization","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-acidification","display_name":"post-acidification","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-evaluation","display_name":"sensory evaluation","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-acceptance","display_name":"consumer acceptance","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shelf-life","display_name":"shelf life","score":0.37599998712539673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3952536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571327","display_name":"Syneresis","level":2,"score":0.9491999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150077022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136137","display_name":"Response surface methodology","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189977493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352187","display_name":"Skimmed milk","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019530640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8495","display_name":"Whole milk","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109097599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58148","display_name":"Pasteurization","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776477769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1281188","display_name":"Cheesemaking","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777897731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424430","display_name":"Whey protein","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983492250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776","display_name":"Dairy industry","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760","display_name":"Fermentation","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994067018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1402691","display_name":"Water holding capacity","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.833299994468689},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968098666","https://openalex.org/W1973555785","https://openalex.org/W1988518528","https://openalex.org/W2030164374","https://openalex.org/W2037191322","https://openalex.org/W2046565592","https://openalex.org/W2093489380","https://openalex.org/W2139550534","https://openalex.org/W2162753939","https://openalex.org/W2508268234","https://openalex.org/W2518138816","https://openalex.org/W2620849466","https://openalex.org/W2729127892","https://openalex.org/W2762420895","https://openalex.org/W2936290637","https://openalex.org/W2964270189","https://openalex.org/W2988196181","https://openalex.org/W3047470857","https://openalex.org/W3113774165","https://openalex.org/W3119851161","https://openalex.org/W3163507891","https://openalex.org/W3193765529","https://openalex.org/W4200502117","https://openalex.org/W4223593722","https://openalex.org/W4235977256","https://openalex.org/W4297005553","https://openalex.org/W4313420172","https://openalex.org/W4321790064","https://openalex.org/W4362558289","https://openalex.org/W4402886923","https://openalex.org/W4412558532","https://openalex.org/W4414325992","https://openalex.org/W4414378506","https://openalex.org/W7161274872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402886923","https://openalex.org/W7169808531","https://openalex.org/W4367336086","https://openalex.org/W3163089934","https://openalex.org/W3048222652","https://openalex.org/W4412558532","https://openalex.org/W4387903932","https://openalex.org/W2951805307","https://openalex.org/W7206439504","https://openalex.org/W7221472169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89,139,227,245,288],"valorization":[1,364],"of":[2,127,161,176,180,231,243,325,345,361],"whey,":[3,59,98,235],"a":[4,47,52,86,171,191,366],"major":[5],"dairy-processing":[6],"by-product,":[7],"represents":[8],"an":[9,203,240],"important":[10],"strategy":[11,368],"for":[12,349,369],"improving":[13],"resource":[14],"efficiency,":[15],"supporting":[16],"sustainable":[17,367],"dairy":[18,23,371],"production,":[19],"and":[20,35,45,60,81,99,119,124,136,154,163,178,219,224,236,248,255,263,268,272,286,305,308,357],"diversifying":[21],"fermented":[22,370],"products.":[24],"However,":[25],"increasing":[26],"whey":[27,48,351,363],"incorporation":[28],"into":[29],"yogurt":[30,49,354],"may":[31],"affect":[32],"gel":[33],"stability":[34,356],"water":[36],"retention":[37],"during":[38],"storage.":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"aimed":[42],"to":[43,94,106,113],"develop":[44],"optimize":[46],"formulation":[50,66,229],"using":[51,144,159,170,294],"constrained":[53,93,346],"mixture-design":[54,347],"approach,":[55,173],"with":[56,102,131,174,239,353],"milk,":[57,96,233],"liquid":[58,362],"skim":[61],"milk":[62],"powder":[63],"(SMP)":[64],"as":[65,182,190,365],"components.":[67],"Twenty-two":[68],"randomized":[69],"experimental":[70,140,306,337],"runs":[71],"were":[72,142,157,251,283],"conducted,":[73],"including":[74],"13":[75],"formulations":[76,84,223],"in":[77,85,198,321],"the":[78,103,183,199,279,303,317,322,326,336,340,343,359],"first":[79],"batch":[80],"nine":[82],"repeated":[83],"second":[87],"batch.":[88],"mixture":[90,155],"design":[91],"was":[92,111,168,188,195,207,291],"40\u2013100%":[95],"0\u201350%":[97],"0\u201310%":[100],"SMP,":[101,238],"components":[104],"summing":[105],"100%.":[107],"A":[108],"multi-response":[109],"approach":[110],"applied":[112],"evaluate":[114],"syneresis,":[115],"water-holding":[116],"capacity":[117],"(WHC),":[118],"pH":[120,212,281,309],"after":[121],"1,":[122,259],"7,":[123,267],"14":[125],"days":[126],"refrigerated":[128],"storage,":[129,211],"together":[130],"total":[132],"phenolic":[133,323],"content":[134,324],"(TPC)":[135],"microbiological":[137,330],"quality.":[138],"data":[141],"analyzed":[143],"Design-Expert":[145],"software":[146],"(Version":[147],"13,":[148],"Stat-Ease":[149],"Inc.,":[150],"Minneapolis,":[151],"MN,":[152],"USA)),":[153],"models":[156],"evaluated":[158,189,293],"analysis":[160,331],"variance":[162],"model-adequacy":[164],"statistics.":[165],"Numerical":[166],"optimization":[167,185,201],"performed":[169],"desirability-function":[172],"minimization":[175],"syneresis":[177,218,247,307],"maximization":[179],"WHC":[181,220,249],"principal":[184],"objectives.":[186],"TPC":[187,311],"supplementary":[192],"response":[193],"but":[194],"not":[196,208],"included":[197],"final":[200],"because":[202],"adequate":[204],"predictive":[205],"model":[206],"established.":[209],"During":[210],"decreased,":[213],"indicating":[214],"progressive":[215],"post-acidification,":[216],"while":[217,278,329],"varied":[221],"among":[222,316,335],"storage":[225],"periods.":[226],"optimized":[228],"consisted":[230],"52.665%":[232],"38.948%":[234],"8.388%":[237],"overall":[241],"desirability":[242],"0.754.":[244],"predicted":[246,280,304],"values":[250,282],"52.337":[252],"mL/100":[253,261,270],"mL":[254,262,271],"48.442%":[256],"on":[257,265,274],"day":[258,266,275],"53.231":[260],"48.902%":[264],"50.913":[269],"52.329%":[273],"14,":[276],"respectively,":[277],"4.361,":[284],"4.273,":[285],"4.154.":[287],"numerical":[289],"optimum":[290],"further":[292],"two":[295],"independent":[296],"confirmation":[297],"runs,":[298],"showing":[299],"reasonable":[300],"agreement":[301],"between":[302],"values.":[310],"results":[312,334],"showed":[313,332],"considerable":[314],"variation":[315],"formulations,":[318],"reflecting":[319],"differences":[320],"developed":[327],"yogurts,":[328],"variable":[333],"runs.":[338],"Overall,":[339],"findings":[341],"demonstrate":[342],"applicability":[344],"methodology":[348],"balancing":[350],"utilization":[352],"physical":[355],"highlight":[358],"potential":[360],"product":[372],"development.":[373]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}