{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225311892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","title":"Reclassification of acute inflammatory myelopathies in the antibody era: from AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG to double-seronegative disease","display_name":"Reclassification of acute inflammatory myelopathies in the antibody era: from AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG to double-seronegative disease","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225311892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112567907","display_name":"Ping Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113921122","display_name":"Youlin Tan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10899854","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03jy32q83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10899854"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youlin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10899854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160786981","display_name":"Zhen Ren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10899854","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03jy32q83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10899854"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10899854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160779218","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160779218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10137","display_name":"Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11735","display_name":"Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11627","display_name":"Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaporin-4-antibodies","display_name":"aquaporin-4 antibodies","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mog-antibodies","display_name":"anti-MOG antibodies","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seronegative-nmosd","display_name":"seronegative NMOSD","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transverse-myelitis","display_name":"transverse myelitis","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-classification","display_name":"disease classification","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serological-classification","display_name":"serological classification","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrospinal-fluid","display_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","score":0.925000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8708999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.763700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202217","display_name":"Transverse myelitis","level":3,"score":0.6362000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777604421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303951","display_name":"Myelopathy","level":3,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777704947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551085","display_name":"Myelitis","level":3,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45189115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502159","display_name":"Serology","level":3,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908578266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202217","display_name":"Acute Transverse Myelitis","level":4,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779651940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54196","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid","level":2,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424242","display_name":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","level":3,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062122","display_name":"Central nervous system disease","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018156656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376560","display_name":"Disease entity","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61702e4a0cc34cc0958eb59a3c8c89fc","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61702e4a0cc34cc0958eb59a3c8c89fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1994489/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96975567","display_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","issn_l":"1664-2295","issn":["1664-2295"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225311892.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225311892.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129229339","https://openalex.org/W3007532134","https://openalex.org/W3122162424","https://openalex.org/W3130166930","https://openalex.org/W3157624777","https://openalex.org/W3159749264","https://openalex.org/W3195674796","https://openalex.org/W3203119215","https://openalex.org/W3212343901","https://openalex.org/W4255896580","https://openalex.org/W4284895742","https://openalex.org/W4288077573","https://openalex.org/W4306674192","https://openalex.org/W4308450983","https://openalex.org/W4318391603","https://openalex.org/W4321443529","https://openalex.org/W4362658161","https://openalex.org/W4375955219","https://openalex.org/W4378172174","https://openalex.org/W4380576975","https://openalex.org/W4385617468","https://openalex.org/W4386241966","https://openalex.org/W4386485223","https://openalex.org/W4386501955","https://openalex.org/W4386988897","https://openalex.org/W4387676029","https://openalex.org/W4388750255","https://openalex.org/W4390122668","https://openalex.org/W4391144905","https://openalex.org/W4391636375","https://openalex.org/W4392816464","https://openalex.org/W4399394795","https://openalex.org/W4399694793","https://openalex.org/W4402124100","https://openalex.org/W4402253680","https://openalex.org/W4402519007","https://openalex.org/W4402546017","https://openalex.org/W4403673140","https://openalex.org/W4405183448","https://openalex.org/W4406598289","https://openalex.org/W4407007780","https://openalex.org/W4407120881","https://openalex.org/W4409430952","https://openalex.org/W4413033811","https://openalex.org/W4413148219","https://openalex.org/W4414272694","https://openalex.org/W4414912419","https://openalex.org/W4416889285","https://openalex.org/W7127602837","https://openalex.org/W7169617462","https://openalex.org/W7203599631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416889285","https://openalex.org/W2808383827","https://openalex.org/W4403673140","https://openalex.org/W2933712812","https://openalex.org/W1970614998","https://openalex.org/W4386988897","https://openalex.org/W7153231504","https://openalex.org/W2177942776","https://openalex.org/W4242817984","https://openalex.org/W7211899221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acute":[0],"inflammatory":[1,21,127],"myelopathy":[2],"refers":[3],"to":[4,54,69],"a":[5,48,51,55,103,147],"heterogeneous":[6],"group":[7],"of":[8,20,42,115,125,134],"acute":[9,126],"or":[10,66],"subacute":[11],"spinal":[12],"cord":[13],"syndromes":[14],"characterized":[15],"by":[16],"clinical":[17,28],"features":[18],"suggestive":[19],"involvement.":[22],"Although":[23],"these":[24],"diseases":[25],"have":[26],"overlapping":[27],"manifestations,":[29],"their":[30],"underlying":[31],"mechanisms,":[32],"disease":[33,75,132,155,166],"progression,":[34],"and":[35,44,93,119,137],"classification":[36,124,149],"systems":[37],"remain":[38,81],"heterogeneous.":[39],"The":[40],"discovery":[41],"AQP4-IgG":[43],"MOG-IgG":[45],"has":[46],"driven":[47],"shift":[49],"from":[50],"\u201csyndrome-based":[52],"nomenclature\u201d":[53],"\u201cdisease-specific":[56],"classification,\u201d":[57],"allowing":[58],"some":[59],"patients":[60,158],"previously":[61],"classified":[62,106],"as":[63,72,107,146],"transverse":[64],"myelitis":[65],"seronegative":[67],"NMOSD":[68],"be":[70,162],"reclassified":[71,163],"more":[73],"specific":[74,165],"entities.":[76],"However,":[77],"AQP4-IgG/MOG-IgG":[78],"double-negative":[79,85,135],"cases":[80,136],"highly":[82],"heterogeneous,":[83],"including":[84],"NMOSD,":[86],"multiple":[87],"sclerosis":[88],"(MS),":[89],"other":[90],"immune-mediated":[91],"myelopathies,":[92],"non-inflammatory":[94],"mimics.":[95],"Additionally,":[96],"testing":[97],"conditions":[98],"may":[99,161],"also":[100],"affect":[101],"whether":[102],"patient":[104],"is":[105],"seronegative.":[108],"This":[109],"narrative":[110],"review":[111],"examines":[112],"the":[113,123,131],"roles":[114],"antibody":[116],"stratification,":[117],"MRI,":[118],"cerebrospinal":[120],"fluid":[121],"in":[122],"myelopathy,":[128],"focusing":[129],"on":[130],"composition":[133],"longitudinal":[138,169],"reclassification.":[139],"Existing":[140],"evidence":[141],"supports":[142],"interpreting":[143],"double-seronegative":[144],"status":[145],"serological":[148],"state":[150],"rather":[151],"than":[152],"an":[153],"independent":[154],"entity.":[156],"Some":[157],"initially":[159],"unclassified":[160],"into":[164],"categories":[167],"during":[168],"follow-up.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}