{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225311620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","title":"Capture of Low-Concentration CO2 by Ammonia Brine: Effects on Efficiency and Product Distribution","display_name":"Capture of Low-Concentration CO2 by Ammonia Brine: Effects on Efficiency and Product Distribution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225311620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078322157","display_name":"Rongrong Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6848-7084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6848-7084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrong Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135789817","display_name":"Ximiao Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ximiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160901549","display_name":"Zhengkai Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148225","display_name":"China State Construction Engineering (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgcsq08","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengkai Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["SCIMEE Science and Technology, China State Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610045, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SCIMEE Science and Technology, China State Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610045, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130273858","display_name":"Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-0375","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-0375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Iron and Steel Industry Environmental Protection, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Iron and Steel Industry Environmental Protection, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032757915","display_name":"Wei Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7700-0664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7700-0664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125211492","display_name":"Yi Xing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34155123","display_name":"Hebei University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05h3pkk68","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34155123"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China","School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34155123"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160732792","display_name":"Shouxian Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101931","display_name":"HBIS (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zjpfj13","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101931"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouxian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBIS Dahe Energy and Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBIS Dahe Energy and Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009971911","display_name":"Yuping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9068-6444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9068-6444"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101931","display_name":"HBIS (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00zjpfj13","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101931"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["HBIS Dahe Energy and Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HBIS Dahe Energy and Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032757915","https://openalex.org/A5135789817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"3571","last_page":"3571"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10967","display_name":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10967","display_name":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12425","display_name":"Industrial Gas Emission Control","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-capture","display_name":"CO2 capture","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steelmaking-emissions","display_name":"steel industry emissions","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capture-efficiency","display_name":"capture efficiency","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bicarbonate-formation","display_name":"bicarbonate formation","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbamate-intermediate","display_name":"carbamate intermediate","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nacl-concentration","display_name":"NaCl concentration","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reaction-temperature","display_name":"reaction temperature","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-flow-rate","display_name":"CO2 flow rate","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-utilization","display_name":"CO2 utilization","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120809312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2139722","display_name":"Carbonation","level":2,"score":0.7433000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776382133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087","display_name":"Ammonia","level":2,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6539000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781112554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409202","display_name":"Bicarbonate","level":2,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181258405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3961934","display_name":"Ammonia production","level":3,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779303437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422899","display_name":"Carbamate","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777676313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421123","display_name":"Ammonium bicarbonate","level":3,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985264121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216320","display_name":"Continuous flow","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019413757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56298528","display_name":"Co2 removal","level":3,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128255","display_name":"By-product","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17112743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247759","display_name":"Product distribution","level":3,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175113610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394849","display_name":"Reaction rate","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14213571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14213571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W321228029","https://openalex.org/W1962642077","https://openalex.org/W1994006590","https://openalex.org/W2000748077","https://openalex.org/W2004165714","https://openalex.org/W2006577455","https://openalex.org/W2014894037","https://openalex.org/W2017053106","https://openalex.org/W2017837994","https://openalex.org/W2024149754","https://openalex.org/W2060548936","https://openalex.org/W2063645866","https://openalex.org/W2075691456","https://openalex.org/W2119185559","https://openalex.org/W2334714436","https://openalex.org/W2589836693","https://openalex.org/W2746654876","https://openalex.org/W2746886788","https://openalex.org/W2791880383","https://openalex.org/W2894983714","https://openalex.org/W2999483424","https://openalex.org/W3020231737","https://openalex.org/W3113218661","https://openalex.org/W3138238433","https://openalex.org/W3212358321","https://openalex.org/W3214568180","https://openalex.org/W3215627978","https://openalex.org/W4205632037","https://openalex.org/W4210632909","https://openalex.org/W4224281119","https://openalex.org/W4281258564","https://openalex.org/W4283518637","https://openalex.org/W4284962972","https://openalex.org/W4289528648","https://openalex.org/W4311777046","https://openalex.org/W4315564600","https://openalex.org/W4318948362","https://openalex.org/W4390270335","https://openalex.org/W4391349440","https://openalex.org/W4392622364","https://openalex.org/W4392768057","https://openalex.org/W4393938405","https://openalex.org/W4394760599","https://openalex.org/W4395053732","https://openalex.org/W4401526469","https://openalex.org/W4414522487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984791802","https://openalex.org/W1999105078","https://openalex.org/W2115742443","https://openalex.org/W2736445886","https://openalex.org/W4387726798","https://openalex.org/W7220651291","https://openalex.org/W2122468876","https://openalex.org/W1812352077","https://openalex.org/W2024149754","https://openalex.org/W4402660835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Capture":[0],"and":[1,28,35,58,64,67,78,87,99,114,141,159,192,202,205],"utilization":[2],"of":[3,22,43,120,149,185],"dilute":[4],"CO2":[5,68,75,92,100,125],"streams":[6],"are":[7,163],"relevant":[8],"to":[9,196],"emissions":[10],"management":[11],"in":[12],"the":[13,19,30,41,123,131,139,146,150,173],"steel":[14],"industry.":[15],"This":[16,37],"study":[17,38],"investigated":[18,40],"capture":[20,76,93,126],"behavior":[21],"a":[23,115,160,180],"laboratory-scale":[24],"ammonia\u2013brine":[25,186],"carbonation":[26],"system":[27],"characterized":[29],"recovered":[31],"solids":[32],"after":[33],"washing":[34],"drying.":[36],"systematically":[39],"influence":[42],"four":[44],"key":[45],"operational":[46],"parameters:":[47],"ammonia":[48,86],"concentration":[49,53],"(7\u201328":[50],"wt%),":[51],"NaCl":[52,88],"(3":[54],"M,":[55,57],"4":[56],"saturated),":[59],"reaction":[60],"temperature":[61,98],"(20":[62],"\u00b0C":[63],"38":[65],"\u00b0C),":[66],"flow":[69,101,118],"rate":[70,102,119],"(100\u2013500":[71],"mL/min)":[72],"on":[73],"both":[74],"efficiency":[77,127],"product-phase":[79],"distribution.":[80],"The":[81,135],"results":[82,178],"revealed":[83],"that":[84],"higher":[85],"concentrations":[89],"markedly":[90],"improved":[91],"performance,":[94],"whereas":[95],"an":[96],"elevated":[97],"exerted":[103],"detrimental":[104],"effects.":[105],"At":[106],"21":[107],"wt%":[108],"NH3,":[109],"saturated":[110],"NaCl,":[111],"20":[112],"\u00b0C,":[113],"total":[116],"gas":[117],"1":[121],"L/min,":[122],"reported":[124],"exceeded":[128],"82%":[129],"during":[130],"first":[132],"50":[133],"min.":[134],"solid-phase":[136],"characterization":[137],"describes":[138],"washed":[140],"dried":[142],"product":[143],"rather":[144],"than":[145],"complete":[147],"composition":[148],"original":[151],"precipitate.":[152],"Possible":[153],"bicarbonate":[154],"formation":[155],"routes":[156],"involving":[157],"OH\u2212":[158],"carbamate":[161],"intermediate":[162],"discussed,":[164],"but":[165],"their":[166],"relative":[167],"contributions":[168],"were":[169,208],"not":[170,209],"resolved":[171],"by":[172],"present":[174],"measurements.":[175],"These":[176],"laboratory":[177],"provide":[179],"basis":[181],"for":[182],"further":[183],"investigation":[184],"carbonation,":[187],"while":[188],"scale-up,":[189],"continuous":[190],"operation,":[191],"industrial":[193],"feasibility":[194],"remain":[195],"be":[197],"evaluated.":[198,210],"Process-level":[199],"energy":[200],"consumption":[201],"comparative":[203],"economic":[204],"environmental":[206],"performance":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
