{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225310935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","title":"Novel Biomarkers for Bacterial Meningitis and Other Central Nervous System Infections","display_name":"Novel Biomarkers for Bacterial Meningitis and Other Central Nervous System Infections","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225310935","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136388143","display_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","issn_l":"1528-4042","issn":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160760003","display_name":"Barbara L. Nieuwenhuijsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara L. Nieuwenhuijsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031041062","display_name":"Sabine E. Olie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabine E. Olie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091080582","display_name":"Diederik van de Beek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-044X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-044X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diederik van de Beek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005809475","display_name":"Matthijs C. Brouwer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-7843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-7843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802928900","display_name":"Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03t4gr691","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108594","display_name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01x2d9f70","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151833","display_name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/05grdyy37","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151833"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthijs C. Brouwer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands. m.c.brouwer@amsterdamumc.nl"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, Amsterdam, 1100DD, The Netherlands. m.c.brouwer@amsterdamumc.nl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005809475"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802928900","https://openalex.org/I4210108594","https://openalex.org/I4210151833","https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":5590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5590},"apc_paid":{"value":5590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5590},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.029200000688433647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-meningitis","display_name":"bacterial meningitis","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system-infection","display_name":"central nervous system infection","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrospinal-fluid-biomarkers","display_name":"cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-reactive-protein","display_name":"C-reactive protein","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heparin-binding-protein","display_name":"heparin-binding protein","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-6","display_name":"interleukin-6","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-1beta","display_name":"IL-1\u03b2","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cxcl13","display_name":"CXCL13","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroborreliosis","display_name":"neuroborreliosis","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-d-glucan","display_name":"beta-D-glucan","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactomannan","display_name":"galactomannan","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolomics","display_name":"metabolomics","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipidomics","display_name":"lipidomics","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proteomics","display_name":"proteomics","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metagenomic-next-generation-sequencing","display_name":"metagenomic next-generation sequencing","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phip-seq","display_name":"phage immunoprecipitation sequencing","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-cns-infections","display_name":"CNS viral infection","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-panel","display_name":"biomarker panel","score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-diagnosis","display_name":"early diagnosis","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017616150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069330","display_name":"Diagnostic biomarker","level":3,"score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018430615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143","display_name":"Bacterial meningitis","level":3,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779651940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54196","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid","level":2,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781026528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48143","display_name":"Meningitis","level":2,"score":0.5338000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777208983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3301664","display_name":"Viral meningitis","level":4,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777147708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819124","display_name":"Neuroborreliosis","level":4,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.40779998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909216522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819124","display_name":"Lyme Neuroborreliosis","level":4,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992965680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598976","display_name":"Clinical microbiology","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179786068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16257937","display_name":"Molecular diagnostics","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15151743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903778","display_name":"Metagenomics","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13373296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421866","display_name":"Chemokine","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10936531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786600","display_name":"Procalcitonin","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983449737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Clinical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002494","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000134","qualifier_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002494","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":"Q000134","qualifier_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016920","descriptor_name":"Meningitis, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000134","qualifier_name":"cerebrospinal fluid","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016920","descriptor_name":"Meningitis, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136388143","display_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","issn_l":"1528-4042","issn":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42986558","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42986558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current neurology and neuroscience reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-026-01535-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136388143","display_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","issn_l":"1528-4042","issn":["1528-4042","1534-6293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1897721574","https://openalex.org/W1900892538","https://openalex.org/W1970829274","https://openalex.org/W1973620133","https://openalex.org/W1986634589","https://openalex.org/W1995162670","https://openalex.org/W2003746661","https://openalex.org/W2023096047","https://openalex.org/W2026584534","https://openalex.org/W2057768165","https://openalex.org/W2108054631","https://openalex.org/W2116695578","https://openalex.org/W2123087304","https://openalex.org/W2131707675","https://openalex.org/W2136544780","https://openalex.org/W2164898284","https://openalex.org/W2326122211","https://openalex.org/W2338455231","https://openalex.org/W2530947288","https://openalex.org/W2581024054","https://openalex.org/W2603079123","https://openalex.org/W2611697423","https://openalex.org/W2761489767","https://openalex.org/W2778002572","https://openalex.org/W2786291767","https://openalex.org/W2788527822","https://openalex.org/W2797860862","https://openalex.org/W2802485424","https://openalex.org/W2888502351","https://openalex.org/W2909770847","https://openalex.org/W2912596989","https://openalex.org/W2953017819","https://openalex.org/W2981275313","https://openalex.org/W3005736911","https://openalex.org/W3081110493","https://openalex.org/W3093872016","https://openalex.org/W3099584446","https://openalex.org/W3125327149","https://openalex.org/W3129944200","https://openalex.org/W3157178477","https://openalex.org/W4200217775","https://openalex.org/W4211037082","https://openalex.org/W4213337952","https://openalex.org/W4214915479","https://openalex.org/W4229021196","https://openalex.org/W4241091316","https://openalex.org/W4294896585","https://openalex.org/W4367833979","https://openalex.org/W4388539770","https://openalex.org/W4390046648","https://openalex.org/W4390972398","https://openalex.org/W4391390051","https://openalex.org/W4391534226","https://openalex.org/W4392005701","https://openalex.org/W4392383171","https://openalex.org/W4396920754","https://openalex.org/W4399041302","https://openalex.org/W4404252573","https://openalex.org/W4404598519","https://openalex.org/W4404641767","https://openalex.org/W4405337689","https://openalex.org/W4406875610","https://openalex.org/W4409354645","https://openalex.org/W4409912789","https://openalex.org/W4410217042","https://openalex.org/W4411057569","https://openalex.org/W4411378635","https://openalex.org/W4415648262","https://openalex.org/W7125954847","https://openalex.org/W7224012794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391534226","https://openalex.org/W6958167518","https://openalex.org/W3041350568","https://openalex.org/W4405337689","https://openalex.org/W7204627190","https://openalex.org/W2967222948","https://openalex.org/W3125327149","https://openalex.org/W7009849639","https://openalex.org/W2912596989","https://openalex.org/W2797690542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE":[0],"OF":[1],"REVIEW:":[2],"Timely":[3],"and":[4,20,36,46,62,98,109,122,124,142,151,164,172,216,232,246],"accurate":[5,245],"diagnosis":[6,35,52,186],"of":[7,16,24,53,100,187,229],"central":[8],"nervous":[9],"system":[10],"(CNS)":[11],"infections":[12,219],"remains":[13],"challenging":[14],"because":[15],"nonspecific":[17],"clinical":[18,66,93,199],"characteristics":[19],"limited":[21],"diagnostic":[22,77,114,133,210,240,249],"accuracy":[23],"conventional":[25],"tests.":[26],"Novel":[27,177],"cerebrospinal":[28],"fluid":[29],"(CSF)":[30],"biomarkers":[31,49,73,178,191,220,231],"may":[32,173],"improve":[33,184],"early":[34],"facilitate":[37],"differentiation":[38],"between":[39],"infectious":[40],"aetiologies.":[41],"This":[42],"review":[43],"summarizes":[44],"established":[45],"emerging":[47,230],"CSF":[48,72,84,101,206],"for":[50,79,120,126,192,198],"the":[51,132,180,185],"CNS":[54,128,188,218],"infections,":[55,129],"with":[56,103,204,237],"a":[57],"focus":[58,226],"on":[59,227,233],"bacterial":[60,80,193],"meningitis,":[61],"discusses":[63],"their":[64],"potential":[65,181],"application.":[67],"RECENT":[68],"FINDINGS:":[69],"Several":[70,190],"novel":[71],"have":[74,144,179],"demonstrated":[75],"excellent":[76],"performance":[78],"meningitis.":[81],"Among":[82],"these,":[83],"C-reactive":[85],"protein":[86,97],"(CRP)":[87],"has":[88],"recently":[89],"been":[90],"implemented":[91],"in":[92,202],"practice,":[94],"while":[95],"heparin-binding":[96],"combinations":[99],"CRP":[102],"inflammatory":[104],"cytokines":[105],"such":[106,148],"as":[107,149],"IL-6":[108],"IL-1\u03b2":[110],"show":[111],"similarly":[112],"high":[113],"accuracy.":[115],"Pathogen-specific":[116],"biomarkers,":[117],"including":[118,139,160],"CXCL13":[119],"neuroborreliosis":[121],"\u03b2-D-glucan":[123],"galactomannan":[125],"fungal":[127],"further":[130,156,168],"expand":[131],"repertoire.":[134],"In":[135],"addition,":[136],"multi-omics":[137],"approaches,":[138],"metabolomics,":[140],"lipidomics,":[141],"proteomics,":[143],"identified":[145],"promising":[146],"candidates":[147],"pyruvate":[150],"phosphatidylcholines,":[152],"although":[153],"these":[154],"require":[155],"validation.":[157],"Untargeted":[158],"techniques,":[159],"metagenomic":[161],"next-generation":[162],"sequencing":[163],"phage":[165],"immunoprecipitation":[166],"sequencing,":[167],"enhance":[169],"pathogen":[170],"detection":[171],"complement":[174],"microbiological":[175],"testing.":[176],"to":[182,242],"substantially":[183],"infections.":[189],"meningitis":[194],"are":[195],"already":[196],"available":[197],"implementation,":[200],"particularly":[201],"patients":[203],"intermediate":[205],"leukocyte":[207],"counts,":[208],"where":[209],"uncertainty":[211],"is":[212],"greatest.":[213],"For":[214],"viral":[215],"other":[217],"remain":[221],"scarce.":[222],"Future":[223],"studies":[224],"should":[225],"validation":[228],"integrating":[234],"biomarker":[235],"panels":[236],"advanced":[238],"molecular":[239],"techniques":[241],"enable":[243],"rapid,":[244],"clinically":[247],"applicable":[248],"strategies.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}