{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225310722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","title":"MobileNetV2 for Multiclass Neurodegenerative Gait Analysis Using Bilateral Ground Reaction Force Images: From Transfer Learning to Raspberry Pi 4 Deployment","display_name":"MobileNetV2 for Multiclass Neurodegenerative Gait Analysis Using Bilateral Ground Reaction Force Images: From Transfer Learning to Raspberry Pi 4 Deployment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225310722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090005821","display_name":"Vessela Krasteva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103918","display_name":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01dxqkr82","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vessela Krasteva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-2109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102985155","display_name":"Todor Stoyanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-6527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-6527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103918","display_name":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01dxqkr82","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todor Stoyanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036836642","display_name":"Irena Ilieva Jekova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-7819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-7819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103918","display_name":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/01dxqkr82","country_code":"BG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irena Jekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8626-7819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036836642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210103918"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"7010","last_page":"7010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.8159000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.12020000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-diseases","display_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"gait analysis","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-reaction-force","display_name":"ground reaction force","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobilenetv2","display_name":"MobileNetV2","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-learning","display_name":"transfer learning","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fine-tuning","display_name":"fine-tuning","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"edge computing","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raspberry-pi-4","display_name":"Raspberry Pi 4","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tensorflow-lite","display_name":"TensorFlow Lite","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huntington-s-disease","display_name":"Huntington's disease","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis","display_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-compression","display_name":"model compression","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-sensors","display_name":"wearable sensors","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-classification","display_name":"gait classification","score":0.4620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96332660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610971","display_name":"Ground reaction force","level":3,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40567965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820283","display_name":"Learning vector quantization","level":3,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2031473","display_name":"Unmanned ground vehicle","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321843","display_name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/05eg49r29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7213933079","https://openalex.org/W4414015813","https://openalex.org/W3041048459","https://openalex.org/W4386927518","https://openalex.org/W4403780053","https://openalex.org/W7221065316","https://openalex.org/W4396522448","https://openalex.org/W7161962722","https://openalex.org/W4293248019","https://openalex.org/W4410770971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neurodegenerative":[0,156],"diseases":[1],"(NDDs),":[2],"including":[3],"Parkinson\u2019s":[4],"disease":[5,8],"(PARK),":[6],"Huntington\u2019s":[7],"(HUNT),":[9],"and":[10,32,47,78,94,99,111,121,166,182,212,263,276,295],"amyotrophic":[11],"lateral":[12],"sclerosis":[13],"(ALS),":[14],"are":[15],"associated":[16],"with":[17,273,305],"characteristic":[18],"gait":[19,30,56,89,150,313],"alterations.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"proposes":[23],"an":[24,36],"image-based":[25],"deep-learning":[26],"approach":[27],"for":[28,230,280,323],"NDD":[29,312],"classification":[31,90],"its":[33],"implementation":[34],"on":[35,130,144,236],"edge-computing":[37,138],"platform.":[38,139],"The":[39,140,215],"main":[40],"contributions":[41],"include:":[42],"(1)":[43],"mapping":[44],"synchronized":[45],"left-":[46],"right-foot":[48],"ground":[49],"reaction":[50],"force":[51,63,72],"(GRF)":[52],"signals":[53],"from":[54,152,174],"individual":[55],"cycles":[57,151],"into":[58],"a":[59,131,136,145,319],"common":[60],"2D":[61],"bilateral":[62,301],"space":[64],"to":[65,87,176,250],"generate":[66],"three":[67],"complementary":[68],"representations\u2014Trajectory":[69],"Map":[70,75],"(bilateral":[71],"trajectories),":[73],"Derivative":[74],"(dynamic":[76],"transitions),":[77],"Occupancy":[79,223],"Heatmap":[80],"(loading-state":[81],"distributions);":[82],"(2)":[83],"adapting":[84],"ImageNet-pretrained":[85],"MobileNetV2":[86,119,254,306],"four-class":[88,172,217],"(CONTROL,":[91],"ALS,":[92],"HUNT,":[93],"PARK)":[95],"through":[96],"classification-layer":[97],"retraining":[98],"feature-extractor":[100],"fine-tuning;":[101],"(3)":[102],"comparing":[103],"compact":[104,316],"(\u03b1":[105,113,292,297],"=":[106,114,226,293,298],"0.35;":[107],"~0.4":[108],"M":[109,117],"parameters)":[110,118],"higher-capacity":[112,282],"1.4;":[115],"~4.4":[116],"configurations;":[120],"(4)":[122],"evaluating":[123],"the":[124,127,153,179,231,237,281,333],"deployment":[125],"of":[126,148,189,260,266],"resulting":[128],"models":[129,141,255,317],"Raspberry":[132,238],"Pi":[133,239],"4":[134],"as":[135],"resource-constrained":[137,324],"were":[142],"evaluated":[143,235],"test":[146],"subset":[147],"2259":[149],"Gait":[154],"in":[155],"Disease":[157],"Database,":[158],"comprising":[159],"CONTROL":[160,206],"(612),":[161],"ALS":[162,208],"(367),":[163],"HUNT":[164,210],"(727),":[165],"PARK":[167,213],"(553).":[168],"Fine-tuning":[169],"increased":[170],"overall":[171],"accuracy":[173,200,218,245,335],"89.64\u201392.61%":[175],"95.09\u201396.41%":[177],"across":[178,193],"GRF":[180,302],"representations":[181,303],"model":[183,234,287],"configurations.":[184,197],"Paired":[185],"comparisons":[186],"showed":[187],"improvements":[188],"3.81\u20136.29":[190],"percentage":[191,248],"points":[192,249],"all":[194],"six":[195],"matched":[196],"Class-specific":[198],"one-vs-rest":[199],"was":[201,228,336],"consistently":[202],"high":[203],"after":[204],"fine-tuning:":[205],"(97.74\u201398.63%),":[207],"(98.41\u201398.94%),":[209],"(96.02\u201397.21%),":[211],"(97.30\u201398.23%).":[214],"highest":[216],"(96.41%;":[219],"95%":[220],"CI:":[221],"95.45\u201397.29%;":[222],"Heatmap,":[224],"\u03b1":[225],"1.4)":[227],"preserved":[229],"unquantized":[232],"TFLite":[233],"4,":[240],"while":[241,315],"dynamic-range":[242],"quantization":[243,285],"reduced":[244,286],"by":[246,289],"0.22":[247],"96.19%.":[251],"Compact":[252],"fine-tuned":[253],"required":[256],"approximately":[257,290],"42\u201346":[258],"ms":[259,275],"inference":[261],"latency":[262],"89\u201397":[264],"mJ":[265],"estimated":[267],"incremental":[268],"energy":[269],"per":[270],"inference,":[271],"compared":[272],"324\u2013374":[274],"680\u2013785":[277],"mJ,":[278],"respectively,":[279],"models.":[283],"Dynamic-range":[284],"storage":[288],"62%":[291],"0.35)":[294],"72%":[296],"1.4).":[299],"Overall,":[300],"combined":[304],"transfer":[307],"learning":[308],"enable":[309],"accurate":[310],"multiclass":[311],"classification,":[314],"provide":[318],"favorable":[320],"performance\u2013efficiency":[321],"trade-off":[322],"edge":[325],"implementation.":[326],"However,":[327],"subject-independent":[328],"validation":[329],"remains":[330],"necessary":[331],"because":[332],"reported":[334],"obtained":[337],"using":[338],"gait-cycle-level":[339],"data":[340],"partitioning.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}
