{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225309462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","title":"Artificial Intelligence\u2013Assisted Detection of Tumor Calcification in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Emerging Opportunities in Computational Oral Pathology and Biomineralization Research","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence\u2013Assisted Detection of Tumor Calcification in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Emerging Opportunities in Computational Oral Pathology and Biomineralization Research","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225309462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/dj14110725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764449849","display_name":"Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2304-6767","issn":["2304-6767"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059611789","display_name":"Nidarsh D. Hegde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0247-9302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0247-9302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nidarsh D. Hegde","raw_affiliation_strings":["AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal East 795005, Manipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal East 795005, Manipur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038671273","display_name":"Jayalaxmi Shetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-6770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-6770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayalaxmi Shetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-6770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125352505","display_name":"Nishmitha N Hegde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishmitha N. Hegde","raw_affiliation_strings":["AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal East 795005, Manipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dental College, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal East 795005, Manipur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063160958","display_name":"Mithra Nidarsh Hegde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-6778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-6778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1333540553","display_name":"Nitte University","ror":"https://ror.org/029nydt37","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mithra N. Hegde","raw_affiliation_strings":["AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-6778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063160958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1333540553"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2413},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2413},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"725","last_page":"725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10307","display_name":"Head and Neck Cancer Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2733","display_name":"Otorhinolaryngology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma","display_name":"oral squamous cell carcinoma","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-pathology","display_name":"computational pathology","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-histopathology","display_name":"digital histopathology","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomineralization","display_name":"biomineralization","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascular-calcification","display_name":"vascular calcification","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-slide-imaging","display_name":"whole slide imaging","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoxia","display_name":"hypoxia","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-inflammation","display_name":"chronic inflammation","score":0.6880000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.6449000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780309369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933382","display_name":"Calcification","level":2,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207886595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1456138","display_name":"Pathological","level":2,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775930297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3650238","display_name":"Dystrophic calcification","level":3,"score":0.4812999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019992690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92767510","display_name":"Basal cell","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183586093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610457","display_name":"Biomineralization","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017616150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069330","display_name":"Diagnostic biomarker","level":3,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63363279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133848","display_name":"Clinical significance","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775981168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239027","display_name":"Calcinosis","level":3,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77255625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402093","display_name":"Reprogramming","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152662350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815297","display_name":"Systems biology","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/dj14110725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764449849","display_name":"Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2304-6767","issn":["2304-6767"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/dj14110725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14110725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764449849","display_name":"Dentistry Journal","issn_l":"2304-6767","issn":["2304-6767"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Dentistry Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981517366","https://openalex.org/W1995601927","https://openalex.org/W1996499116","https://openalex.org/W1997875942","https://openalex.org/W2034712955","https://openalex.org/W2053007262","https://openalex.org/W2053752591","https://openalex.org/W2066991959","https://openalex.org/W2081757927","https://openalex.org/W2095788226","https://openalex.org/W2119386171","https://openalex.org/W2129358336","https://openalex.org/W2152713621","https://openalex.org/W2299304623","https://openalex.org/W2416560225","https://openalex.org/W2438342232","https://openalex.org/W2518788338","https://openalex.org/W2544760110","https://openalex.org/W2609544259","https://openalex.org/W2765852973","https://openalex.org/W2768849917","https://openalex.org/W2791004127","https://openalex.org/W2793549770","https://openalex.org/W2957438816","https://openalex.org/W2965733054","https://openalex.org/W2967189837","https://openalex.org/W2968194066","https://openalex.org/W3005464360","https://openalex.org/W3010557119","https://openalex.org/W3016760658","https://openalex.org/W3019182229","https://openalex.org/W3034996935","https://openalex.org/W3040297993","https://openalex.org/W3084018739","https://openalex.org/W3084846387","https://openalex.org/W3112156841","https://openalex.org/W3188179180","https://openalex.org/W3198221376","https://openalex.org/W3210030640","https://openalex.org/W3213866750","https://openalex.org/W3215584998","https://openalex.org/W4200229367","https://openalex.org/W4281693500","https://openalex.org/W4283160212","https://openalex.org/W4286829109","https://openalex.org/W4309702347","https://openalex.org/W4365442951","https://openalex.org/W4383302332","https://openalex.org/W4386221213","https://openalex.org/W4387764567","https://openalex.org/W4387831756","https://openalex.org/W4388712386","https://openalex.org/W4391106425","https://openalex.org/W4391281166","https://openalex.org/W4391359674","https://openalex.org/W4401062536","https://openalex.org/W4401503612","https://openalex.org/W4401608796","https://openalex.org/W4402804896","https://openalex.org/W4403310287","https://openalex.org/W4405952488","https://openalex.org/W4407088198","https://openalex.org/W4408328095","https://openalex.org/W4408586017","https://openalex.org/W4409323618","https://openalex.org/W4409495261","https://openalex.org/W4409589441","https://openalex.org/W4409912954","https://openalex.org/W4411540961","https://openalex.org/W4413128865","https://openalex.org/W4414626848","https://openalex.org/W4415040774","https://openalex.org/W4415556738","https://openalex.org/W4415826535","https://openalex.org/W4416947009","https://openalex.org/W4417276258","https://openalex.org/W7117357304","https://openalex.org/W7151909514","https://openalex.org/W7155038880","https://openalex.org/W7160245734","https://openalex.org/W7162537475","https://openalex.org/W7162549569","https://openalex.org/W7167785618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387764567","https://openalex.org/W4403438575","https://openalex.org/W7163919011","https://openalex.org/W4310868447","https://openalex.org/W4384929483","https://openalex.org/W7211970149","https://openalex.org/W4409627199","https://openalex.org/W4393075130","https://openalex.org/W7223299010","https://openalex.org/W7196956639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Tumor-associated":[1],"calcification":[2,59,95,125,144,246,289,309],"is":[3,31,305],"increasingly":[4],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,66,310],"a":[7,265,294,311],"potentially":[8],"relevant":[9],"feature":[10,229],"of":[11,43,57,82,106,171,245,261,287],"the":[12,41,51,83,90,104,165,239,285],"tumor":[13,205,271],"microenvironment":[14],"across":[15],"multiple":[16],"malignancies;":[17],"however,":[18,164],"its":[19,64,133,336],"significance":[20,340],"in":[21,60,96,100,111,150,158,174,213,216,247,290,318],"oral":[22],"squamous":[23],"cell":[24],"carcinoma":[25],"(OSCC)":[26],"remains":[27,249],"poorly":[28],"understood":[29],"and":[30,54,62,72,103,108,127,136,154,160,169,189,203,221,231,242,258,273,292,329,338,341],"frequently":[32],"overlooked":[33],"during":[34],"routine":[35],"histopathologic":[36,69,233],"assessment.":[37],"This":[38],"perspective":[39],"examines":[40],"potential":[42,65,134],"artificial":[44],"intelligence":[45],"(AI)-assisted":[46],"computational":[47,109,222,278],"pathology":[48,110,223,279],"to":[49,88,118,128,238,307,334,342],"improve":[50,284],"detection,":[52],"quantification,":[53,257],"spatial":[55,243,259,325],"characterization":[56,244,286],"tumor-associated":[58,94,288],"OSCC":[61,159,175,248,291],"discusses":[63],"an":[67],"emerging":[68],"research":[70,267,282],"phenotype":[71],"candidate":[73],"biomarker":[74,317,349],"requiring":[75],"further":[76],"validation.":[77],"Design:":[78],"A":[79],"narrative":[80],"synthesis":[81],"current":[84],"literature":[85],"was":[86,116],"undertaken":[87],"evaluate":[89],"biological":[91,135,167,337],"mechanisms":[92],"underlying":[93],"OSCC,":[97],"recent":[98],"advances":[99],"biomineralization":[101,281],"research,":[102],"application":[105,237],"AI":[107],"digital":[112,300],"histopathology.":[113],"Current":[114,140],"evidence":[115,141,197,304],"integrated":[117],"propose":[119],"future":[120],"AI-based":[121],"workflows":[122],"for":[123,131,269,297],"objective":[124,255],"assessment":[126],"identify":[129],"opportunities":[130],"investigating":[132,270,298],"clinical":[137,330,339],"relevance.":[138],"Results:":[139],"indicates":[142],"that":[143],"has":[145],"been":[146],"reported":[147],"or":[148,315],"proposed":[149],"vascular,":[151],"stromal,":[152],"necrotic,":[153],"extracellular":[155],"matrix-associated":[156],"contexts":[157,206],"related":[161],"pathological":[162],"settings;":[163],"prevalence,":[166],"mechanisms,":[168],"reproducibility":[170],"these":[172],"patterns":[173],"remain":[176],"insufficiently":[177],"characterized.":[178],"Potential":[179],"associations":[180],"with":[181,280],"hypoxia,":[182],"chronic":[183],"inflammation,":[184],"oxidative":[185],"stress,":[186],"endothelial":[187],"dysfunction,":[188],"osteogenic-like":[190],"cellular":[191],"reprogramming":[192],"are":[193,332],"supported":[194],"primarily":[195],"by":[196,209],"from":[198],"broader":[199],"biomineralization,":[200],"vascular":[201],"calcification,":[202],"other":[204],"rather":[207],"than":[208],"calcification-specific":[210],"mechanistic":[211],"studies":[212,322],"OSCC.":[214,319],"Advances":[215],"whole-slide":[217],"imaging,":[218],"deep":[219],"learning,":[220],"have":[224,347],"enabled":[225],"automated":[226],"tissue":[227],"segmentation,":[228],"extraction,":[230],"quantitative":[232,299],"analysis.":[234],"However,":[235],"their":[236],"systematic":[240],"detection":[241],"limited.":[250],"AI-assisted":[251],"analysis":[252],"could":[253],"facilitate":[254],"identification,":[256],"mapping":[260],"mineralized":[262],"structures,":[263],"providing":[264],"conceptual":[266],"framework":[268],"heterogeneity":[272],"microenvironmental":[274],"remodeling.":[275],"Conclusions:":[276],"Integrating":[277],"may":[283],"provide":[293],"methodological":[295],"basis":[296],"phenotypes.":[301],"At":[302],"present,":[303],"insufficient":[306],"establish":[308,343],"validated":[312],"diagnostic,":[313],"prognostic,":[314],"predictive":[316],"Future":[320],"multidisciplinary":[321],"combining":[323],"AI,":[324],"pathology,":[326],"molecular":[327],"profiling,":[328],"validation":[331],"required":[333],"determine":[335],"whether":[344],"calcification-associated":[345],"features":[346],"reproducible":[348],"potential.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-11-06T00:00:00"}