{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225276274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","title":"UAV Multi-Source Remote-Sensing Feature Fusion and ES-EfficientNet for Accurate Grading of Maize Curvularia Leaf Spot","display_name":"UAV Multi-Source Remote-Sensing Feature Fusion and ES-EfficientNet for Accurate Grading of Maize Curvularia Leaf Spot","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225276274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038698194","display_name":"Peiyan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1631-7954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1631-7954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124143373","display_name":"Songlin Guo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songlin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101919465","display_name":"Jun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2203-5477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2203-5477"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160673022","display_name":"Feifei Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160682240","display_name":"Yapeng Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yapeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018110279","display_name":"Qingyun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3012-0092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3012-0092"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138300971","display_name":"Chunling Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunling Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100686709","display_name":"Tan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2882-6093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2882-6093"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135836153","display_name":"Shenyang Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n7x9n08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electronic Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Shenyang 110866, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100686709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135836153"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83506941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"2414","last_page":"2414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.2215999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6297000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780034373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508875","display_name":"Leaf spot","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114700698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882278","display_name":"Spectral bands","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriculture16212414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16212414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202585","display_name":"Agriculture","issn_l":"2077-0472","issn":["2077-0472"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agriculture","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W218515012","https://openalex.org/W2018105531","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2114535331","https://openalex.org/W2140553384","https://openalex.org/W2154053567","https://openalex.org/W2557117995","https://openalex.org/W2805772477","https://openalex.org/W2913500366","https://openalex.org/W3013475455","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3037645517","https://openalex.org/W3046732475","https://openalex.org/W4200064788","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4280504305","https://openalex.org/W4281935516","https://openalex.org/W4296111268","https://openalex.org/W4311448435","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4383506441","https://openalex.org/W4386607286","https://openalex.org/W4388946980","https://openalex.org/W4391074076","https://openalex.org/W4394875769","https://openalex.org/W4401449903","https://openalex.org/W4401658442","https://openalex.org/W4401997175","https://openalex.org/W4403237761","https://openalex.org/W4406675812","https://openalex.org/W4407209088","https://openalex.org/W4409784648","https://openalex.org/W4410480043","https://openalex.org/W4412119679","https://openalex.org/W4413655233","https://openalex.org/W4414322131","https://openalex.org/W4415813577","https://openalex.org/W7125905712","https://openalex.org/W7125930928","https://openalex.org/W7128697035","https://openalex.org/W7163742365"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maize":[0],"Curvularia":[1],"leaf":[2],"spot":[3],"(CLS)":[4],"severely":[5],"affects":[6],"maize":[7,272],"yield":[8],"and":[9,34,51,66,88,103,150,167,206,223,243,281],"quality;":[10],"the":[11,22,25,28,57,62,110,148,174,181,186,191,194,196,244,253,259],"implementation":[12],"of":[13,24,59,147,193,237,271],"non-destructive,":[14],"precise":[15,282],"disease":[16,26,149,279,294],"grading":[17,270],"is":[18],"crucial":[19],"for":[20,99,277,291],"containing":[21],"spread":[23],"in":[27,185,249,296],"field.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31,256,266],"utilised":[32],"hyperspectral":[33],"thermal":[35],"infrared":[36],"remote":[37,292],"sensing":[38],"data":[39],"acquired":[40],"by":[41,165],"unmanned":[42],"aerial":[43],"vehicles":[44],"(UAVs)":[45],"to":[46,97,113,142,154,221,228,235],"extract":[47,143],"spectral,":[48],"textural":[49],"(TFs)":[50],"canopy":[52],"temperature":[53],"features.":[54,169],"To":[55,189],"address":[56],"limitations":[58],"individual":[60],"features,":[61,242],"textural-derived":[63],"indices":[64,112],"(CLSTIs)":[65],"Normalized":[67],"Relative":[68],"Canopy":[69],"Temperature":[70],"(NRCT)":[71],"were":[72,95,107],"developed.":[73],"Mutual":[74],"Information-based":[75],"Recursive":[76],"Feature":[77],"Elimination":[78],"with":[79,109,131],"Cross-Validation":[80],"(MI_RFECV),":[81],"Variable":[82,89],"Selection":[83],"Using":[84],"Random":[85],"Forests":[86],"(VSURF),":[87],"Combination":[90],"Population":[91],"Analysis":[92],"(VCPA)":[93],"algorithms":[94],"employed":[96],"screen":[98],"sensitive":[100],"spectral":[101,145],"bands,":[102],"these":[104],"selected":[105],"bands":[106],"fused":[108],"two":[111],"construct":[114],"a":[115,210,224,287],"multidimensional":[116],"feature":[117,175],"set.":[118],"An":[119],"ES-EfficientNet":[120,187],"model":[121,160,197,245],"was":[122,198,233],"developed,":[123],"featuring":[124],"an":[125,214],"MBConv":[126],"architecture":[127],"as":[128],"its":[129],"backbone":[130],"embedded":[132],"serial":[133],"multi-scale":[134,144,152],"ECA":[135,153],"modules.":[136],"By":[137],"utilising":[138],"depthwise":[139],"separable":[140],"convolutions":[141],"features":[146],"employing":[151],"adaptively":[155],"optimise":[156],"channel":[157],"weights,":[158],"this":[159,265],"effectively":[161],"suppresses":[162],"interference":[163],"caused":[164],"noise":[166],"redundant":[168],"The":[170],"results":[171],"indicate":[172],"that":[173,236],"combination":[176],"based":[177],"on":[178],"MI_RFECV+CLSTIs+NRCT":[179],"achieved":[180,267],"optimal":[182],"classification":[183],"performance":[184,232,248],"model.":[188],"ensure":[190],"robustness":[192],"results,":[195],"evaluated":[199],"across":[200],"three":[201],"random":[202],"seeds":[203],"(1,":[204],"42,":[205],"2024).":[207],"It":[208],"maintained":[209,246],"stable":[211,247],"performance,":[212],"achieving":[213],"overall":[215],"accuracy":[216],"(OA)":[217],"ranging":[218],"from":[219],"94.17%":[220],"95.33%":[222],"Kappa":[225],"coefficient":[226],"up":[227],"94.15%.":[229],"Its":[230],"identification":[231,295],"superior":[234],"baseline":[238],"models":[239],"using":[240],"single-source":[241],"cross-site":[250],"transfer":[251],"within":[252],"same":[254],"provincial-scale":[255],"area":[257],"under":[258],"same-year":[260],"experimental":[261],"conditions.":[262],"In":[263],"summary,":[264],"high-precision,":[268],"non-destructive":[269],"CLS,":[273],"providing":[274],"practical":[275],"value":[276],"field":[278],"monitoring":[280],"control,":[283],"while":[284],"also":[285],"offering":[286],"robust":[288],"reference":[289],"framework":[290],"sensing-based":[293],"other":[297],"crops.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
