{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225275502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","title":"Explainable Machine Learning for the Prediction of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes in Young Adults in Jordan Using Clinical and Imaging Variables","display_name":"Explainable Machine Learning for the Prediction of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes in Young Adults in Jordan Using Clinical and Imaging Variables","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225275502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sci8110346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202795","display_name":"Sci","issn_l":"2413-4155","issn":["2413-4155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011878315","display_name":"Tareq Kanaan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-3684","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-3684"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tareq Kanaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116590429","display_name":"Tasneem N. Alhosanie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-275X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-275X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tasneem N. Alhosanie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-275X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021263862","display_name":"Ali Ayyad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-6561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-6561","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9478-2064"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ayyad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137607316","display_name":"Mustafa I. Saadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3021-5550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3021-5550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263335","display_name":"Jordan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05fr27x71","country_code":"JO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647","https://openalex.org/I4405263335"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa I. Saadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3021-5550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263335"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160722186","display_name":"Ola Monkeez Al Ahdab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7405-5863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7405-5863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ola Monkeez Al Ahdab","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7405-5863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160663058","display_name":"Aysha Samer Salameh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6538-7145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6538-7145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aysha Samer Salameh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6538-7145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160722447","display_name":"Dema Qassem Aboalrob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7956-9621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7956-9621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dema Qassem Aboalrob","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7956-9621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160654716","display_name":"Nour Marwan Alshaer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9599-7308","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9599-7308"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nour Marwan Alshaer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9599-7308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160613477","display_name":"Ali Kanaan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1293487830","display_name":"Geisinger Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9npf54","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1293487830","https://openalex.org/I54713919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Kanaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurology Department, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurology Department, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1293487830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160651452","display_name":"Salah M. Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0771-6800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0771-6800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salah M. Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0771-6800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160686614","display_name":"Hafizeh Ali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafizeh Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083874663","display_name":"Aiman Quateen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-6328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-6328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093832","display_name":"Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City","ror":"https://ror.org/00gk5fa11","country_code":"AE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093832"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiman Quateen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuroscience Institute, Interventional Neuroradiology Division, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuroscience Institute, Interventional Neuroradiology Division, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 11001, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093832"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016429349","display_name":"Samer K. Elbabaa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1941","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1941"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147878501","display_name":"Orlando Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0488cct49","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147878501"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800715904","display_name":"Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children","ror":"https://ror.org/0086ms749","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147878501","https://openalex.org/I2800715904"]}],"countries":["JO","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samer K. Elbabaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA","Department of Special Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1733-1941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147878501","https://openalex.org/I2800715904"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Special Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116590429"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1448},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85222279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"346","last_page":"346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10227","display_name":"Acute Ischemic Stroke Management","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10816","display_name":"Cerebrovascular and Carotid Artery Diseases","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemic-stroke","display_name":"ischemic stroke","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toast-classification","display_name":"TOAST classification","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-adults","display_name":"young adults","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-analysis","display_name":"SHAP analysis","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arterial-stenosis","display_name":"arterial stenosis","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lacunar-infarction","display_name":"lacunar infarction","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jordan","display_name":"Jordan","score":0.49900001287460327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7053999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6532999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779889316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642836","display_name":"Neuroradiology","level":3,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12202","display_name":"Ischemic stroke","level":3,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781381097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133843","display_name":"Clinical prediction rule","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sci8110346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202795","display_name":"Sci","issn_l":"2413-4155","issn":["2413-4155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sci8110346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sci8110346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202795","display_name":"Sci","issn_l":"2413-4155","issn":["2413-4155"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1866068290","https://openalex.org/W1901234763","https://openalex.org/W1971743149","https://openalex.org/W2020074777","https://openalex.org/W2049663681","https://openalex.org/W2055084844","https://openalex.org/W2063528788","https://openalex.org/W2104901197","https://openalex.org/W2106501818","https://openalex.org/W2108658940","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2127860728","https://openalex.org/W2128386457","https://openalex.org/W2138595885","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2158742097","https://openalex.org/W2164416219","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2407769775","https://openalex.org/W2597539190","https://openalex.org/W2751792491","https://openalex.org/W2808133395","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3003299879","https://openalex.org/W3035420347","https://openalex.org/W3086269777","https://openalex.org/W3110356609","https://openalex.org/W4200207143","https://openalex.org/W4281484728","https://openalex.org/W4385576721","https://openalex.org/W4396237794","https://openalex.org/W4403423842","https://openalex.org/W4405323227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389375069","https://openalex.org/W2805869138","https://openalex.org/W4402747682","https://openalex.org/W3037620472","https://openalex.org/W2945068453","https://openalex.org/W7131801121","https://openalex.org/W3159789985","https://openalex.org/W7224995367","https://openalex.org/W4223978655","https://openalex.org/W4200370911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stroke":[0],"is":[1,172],"the":[2,66,92,100,107,152],"leading":[3],"cause":[4],"of":[5],"long-term":[6],"disability":[7],"in":[8,25,46,120,156],"young":[9,48],"adults":[10],"aged":[11],"18\u201349":[12],"years,":[13],"yet":[14],"automated":[15],"TOAST":[16,44,149],"subtype":[17],"classification":[18,45],"from":[19,53],"clinical":[20,60,73,143,175],"data":[21],"remains":[22],"understudied,":[23],"particularly":[24],"Jordan.":[26],"Six":[27],"machine":[28],"learning":[29],"algorithms":[30],"(Random":[31],"Forest,":[32],"Gradient":[33],"Boosting,":[34],"Logistic":[35],"Regression,":[36],"SVM-RBF,":[37],"XGBoost,":[38],"LightGBM)":[39],"were":[40,69,118],"evaluated":[41],"for":[42],"five-class":[43],"91":[47],"adult":[49],"ischemic":[50],"stroke":[51],"patients":[52],"Jordan":[54],"University":[55],"Hospital":[56],"(2019\u20132023).":[57],"Twelve":[58],"binary":[59],"and":[61,115,144,159],"imaging":[62,145],"variables":[63,146],"recorded":[64],"by":[65],"neurology":[67],"team":[68],"integrated":[70],"with":[71,83,151],"structured":[72],"data.":[74],"A":[75],"strict":[76],"no-leakage":[77],"nested":[78],"cross-validation":[79,123],"framework":[80],"was":[81],"applied,":[82],"all":[84,121],"preprocessing":[85],"within":[86],"each":[87],"training":[88],"fold.":[89],"XGBoost":[90],"achieved":[91,106],"highest":[93,108],"macro":[94],"F1-score":[95],"(0.575":[96],"\u00b1":[97,111],"0.078)":[98],"as":[99],"pre-specified":[101],"primary":[102,153],"metric;":[103],"SVM":[104],"(RBF)":[105],"AUC-ROC":[109],"(0.795":[110],"0.071).":[112],"Arterial":[113],"stenosis":[114],"lacunar":[116],"infarct":[117],"selected":[119],"five":[122],"folds.":[124],"SHAP":[125],"analysis":[126],"demonstrated":[127],"pathophysiologically":[128],"coherent":[129],"class-specific":[130],"feature":[131],"contributions.":[132],"All":[133],"models":[134],"outperformed":[135],"a":[136],"structured-variables-only":[137],"baseline":[138],"(F1":[139],"=":[140],"0.352).":[141],"Integrating":[142],"substantially":[147],"improves":[148],"classification,":[150],"value":[154],"lying":[155],"process":[157],"standardization":[158],"automation":[160],"rather":[161],"than":[162],"novel":[163],"etiologic":[164],"discovery.":[165],"External":[166],"validation":[167],"on":[168],"larger":[169],"multicenter":[170],"cohorts":[171],"required":[173],"before":[174],"deployment.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
