{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225275489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","title":"Enabling Large Model Inference in Dynamic and Heterogeneous Mobile Robots by Incorporating Collaborative Inference and Model Context Protocol","display_name":"Enabling Large Model Inference in Dynamic and Heterogeneous Mobile Robots by Incorporating Collaborative Inference and Model Context Protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225275489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140014544","display_name":"Qiang Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081358429","display_name":"Josh Dafoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-7945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-7945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josh Dafoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427291","display_name":"Bo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-9607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-9607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9372-9607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100427291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79298649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"6976","last_page":"6976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.4916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.4871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robots","display_name":"mobile robots","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-inference","display_name":"collaborative inference","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-context-protocol","display_name":"Model Context Protocol","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"edge computing","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-robot-teams","display_name":"heterogeneous robot teams","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-partitioning","display_name":"model partitioning","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-resource-allocation","display_name":"dynamic resource allocation","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-decision-making","display_name":"robot decision-making","score":0.7400000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7835999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7318000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781368080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501688","display_name":"Context awareness","level":3,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779191767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887075","display_name":"Mobile cloud computing","level":3,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172195944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541265","display_name":"Ubiquitous computing","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122308676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision-making","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26216976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26216976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085302753","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W3047565185","https://openalex.org/W3202883604","https://openalex.org/W4383097638","https://openalex.org/W4385570483","https://openalex.org/W4387321091","https://openalex.org/W4388459432","https://openalex.org/W4391853590","https://openalex.org/W4401043047","https://openalex.org/W4401109681","https://openalex.org/W4402667006","https://openalex.org/W4405934565","https://openalex.org/W4406039866","https://openalex.org/W4407601682","https://openalex.org/W4413917076","https://openalex.org/W4415480994","https://openalex.org/W4416956227","https://openalex.org/W7084026035","https://openalex.org/W7084057557","https://openalex.org/W7131081286","https://openalex.org/W7204461770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160913533","https://openalex.org/W7084074458","https://openalex.org/W7116106739","https://openalex.org/W4414760887","https://openalex.org/W4404446896","https://openalex.org/W4413322249","https://openalex.org/W3016117960","https://openalex.org/W7128126035","https://openalex.org/W7166546998","https://openalex.org/W7139936056"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"robotic":[1,75,170],"systems":[2,76],"increasingly":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5,111],"transformer-based":[6],"AI":[7,184],"models":[8,108],"to":[9,20,31,41,152,172],"process":[10],"sensor":[11],"input":[12],"and":[13,59,87,101,157,195],"support":[14],"high-level":[15],"decision":[16,71],"making.":[17],"However,":[18],"due":[19],"limited":[21],"GPU":[22],"resources":[23,113,138],"in":[24,121],"each":[25],"ego":[26],"robot,":[27],"it":[28,127,166],"is":[29,128,144],"difficult":[30],"run":[32],"a":[33,79,122,179,189],"large":[34,107],"model":[35,39,88,155,160],"locally.":[36],"Outsourcing":[37],"the":[38,135,154,175,192],"inference":[40,86,97,105],"cloud":[42],"providers":[43],"could":[44],"address":[45],"this":[46,64],"issue,":[47],"which":[48],"however":[49],"suffers":[50],"from":[51],"limitations":[52],"including":[53],"unreliable":[54],"network":[55],"connection,":[56],"high":[57,60],"latency,":[58],"monetary":[61],"cost.":[62],"In":[63],"work,":[65],"we":[66],"have":[67,187],"developed":[68],"an":[69],"effective":[70],"making":[72],"framework":[73,93,194],"for":[74,130,182],"by":[77,109,146],"leveraging":[78],"few":[80,123],"state-of-the-art":[81],"technologies,":[82],"such":[83],"as":[84],"collaborative":[85,96],"context":[89],"protocol":[90],"(MCP).":[91],"Our":[92],"seamlessly":[94,173],"integrates":[95],"between":[98],"edge":[99],"servers":[100],"mobile":[102,131],"robots,":[103],"supporting":[104],"of":[106,115,162,191],"relying":[110],"local":[112],"instead":[114],"remote":[116],"cloud-based":[117],"resources.":[118],"It":[119],"excels":[120],"feature":[124],"designs.":[125],"First,":[126],"designed":[129],"robot":[132],"deployments":[133],"where":[134],"available":[136],"computing":[137],"may":[139],"change":[140],"over":[141],"time.":[142],"This":[143],"achieved":[145],"introducing":[147],"\u201canchors\u201d,":[148],"adding":[149],"redundant":[150],"nodes":[151],"hold":[153],"partitions,":[156],"switching":[158],"among":[159],"variants":[161],"different":[163],"sizes.":[164],"Second,":[165],"can":[167],"allow":[168],"heterogeneous":[169],"peers":[171],"join":[174],"system":[176],"through":[177],"MCP,":[178],"standardized":[180],"interface":[181],"modern":[183],"applications.":[185],"We":[186],"implemented":[188],"prototype":[190],"proposed":[193],"experimentally":[196],"validated":[197],"its":[198],"efficiency.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
