{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225265075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","title":"An Intelligent Blind Feature Clustering Framework for Automated Modal Discrimination of Concrete Dams","display_name":"An Intelligent Blind Feature Clustering Framework for Automated Modal Discrimination of Concrete Dams","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225265075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770883","display_name":"Jianming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3080-3854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3080-3854","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8182-9094"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3080-3854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133676569","display_name":"Jinjin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-1616","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-1616"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111986","display_name":"Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02403qw73","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111986"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinjin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, 225 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-1616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, 225 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115596851","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-0689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-0689","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7551-727X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1064-9543"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154004","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Water Resources Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04ndr7251","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province, 125 Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Resources Research Institute of Shandong Province, 125 Lishan Road, Jinan 250013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083286471","display_name":"Tengfei Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-0372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1345-0372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengfei Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064130833","display_name":"Maosen Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6640-1905","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6640-1905"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maosen Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Hohai University, 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133676569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111986"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79296064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"10924","last_page":"10924"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12293","display_name":"Dam Engineering and Safety","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-modal-identification","display_name":"automated modal identification","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-dams","display_name":"concrete dams","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-clustering","display_name":"feature clustering","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"differential evolution","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stabilization-diagram","display_name":"stabilization diagram","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-excitation","display_name":"ambient excitation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arch-gravity-dam","display_name":"arch-gravity dam","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"structural health monitoring","score":0.5090000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.8281999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45719999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104286136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416137","display_name":"Modal analysis","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200239387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143727","display_name":"Modal testing","level":4,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162110924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162110924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993482543","https://openalex.org/W1998742785","https://openalex.org/W2029065715","https://openalex.org/W2030148827","https://openalex.org/W2035442870","https://openalex.org/W2035652711","https://openalex.org/W2058084172","https://openalex.org/W2068453352","https://openalex.org/W2077112995","https://openalex.org/W2078675438","https://openalex.org/W2082524457","https://openalex.org/W2137340504","https://openalex.org/W2142638745","https://openalex.org/W2287771544","https://openalex.org/W2491471302","https://openalex.org/W2530528969","https://openalex.org/W3029935100","https://openalex.org/W3094140523","https://openalex.org/W3135063775","https://openalex.org/W3139438821","https://openalex.org/W4200196230","https://openalex.org/W4205639853","https://openalex.org/W4292314450","https://openalex.org/W4294662093","https://openalex.org/W4310235248","https://openalex.org/W4323928415","https://openalex.org/W4360860535","https://openalex.org/W4388485320","https://openalex.org/W4391629715","https://openalex.org/W4392869101","https://openalex.org/W4393928730","https://openalex.org/W4399919028","https://openalex.org/W4400641794","https://openalex.org/W4403325324","https://openalex.org/W4406218001","https://openalex.org/W4406384453","https://openalex.org/W4411369719","https://openalex.org/W4411635038","https://openalex.org/W4412571767","https://openalex.org/W4414107255","https://openalex.org/W4415283505","https://openalex.org/W4416105153","https://openalex.org/W4417520677","https://openalex.org/W7128538705","https://openalex.org/W7154456545","https://openalex.org/W7214385993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403325324","https://openalex.org/W4320738401","https://openalex.org/W4411635038","https://openalex.org/W7207622786","https://openalex.org/W3139438821","https://openalex.org/W4399919028","https://openalex.org/W3130398268","https://openalex.org/W7117769972","https://openalex.org/W3150403691","https://openalex.org/W3094140523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"modal":[1,66,95,102,122,149,184,206,210],"identification":[2,62,207],"of":[3,212],"concrete":[4,131,213],"dams":[5],"under":[6],"ambient":[7],"excitation":[8],"remains":[9],"challenging":[10],"because":[11],"spurious":[12],"modes":[13,25,136,142],"arising":[14],"from":[15,99],"non-white":[16],"excitation,":[17],"noise,":[18],"and":[19,26,115,139,159,161,208],"algorithmic":[20],"artifacts":[21],"can":[22],"obscure":[23],"physical":[24,135],"complicate":[27],"automated":[28,121,183,205],"discrimination.":[29,123],"Conventional":[30],"approaches,":[31,107],"such":[32],"as":[33,145],"stabilization":[34,69,190],"diagram":[35],"interpretation":[36],"in":[37,89],"stochastic":[38],"subspace":[39,61],"identification,":[40],"still":[41],"require":[42],"extensive":[43],"user":[44],"expertise.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47],"proposes":[48],"an":[49,74],"intelligent":[50],"blind":[51,60],"feature":[52,91,96],"clustering":[53,82,87,164],"framework":[54,110,125,181],"built":[55],"on":[56,195],"a":[57,129,201],"recently":[58],"developed":[59],"method":[63],"that":[64],"separates":[65],"responses":[67],"without":[68,186],"diagrams.":[70],"In":[71,175],"this":[72,176],"framework,":[73],"improved":[75],"differential":[76],"evolution":[77],"algorithm":[78],"integrated":[79],"with":[80,105,153,172],"K-means":[81,171],"searches":[83],"for":[84,204],"the":[85,90,100,108,140,162,179],"optimal":[86],"scheme":[88],"space":[92],"defined":[93],"by":[94,156],"indices":[97],"extracted":[98],"separated":[101],"responses.":[103],"Compared":[104],"conventional":[106,170],"proposed":[109,163,180],"avoids":[111],"subjective":[112],"threshold":[113],"selection":[114],"manual":[116],"pole":[117],"picking,":[118],"thereby":[119],"facilitating":[120],"The":[124,147],"was":[126],"applied":[127],"to":[128],"large":[130],"arch-gravity":[132],"dam.":[133],"Five":[134],"were":[137,143],"identified,":[138],"remaining":[141],"classified":[144],"spurious.":[146],"identified":[148],"parameters":[150],"agree":[151],"well":[152],"those":[154],"obtained":[155],"SSI-COV,":[157],"FDD,":[158],"FEM,":[160],"yields":[165],"more":[166],"stable":[167],"results":[168,199],"than":[169],"random":[173],"initialization.":[174],"case":[177],"study,":[178],"achieved":[182],"discrimination":[185],"constructing":[187],"or":[188],"interpreting":[189],"diagrams,":[191],"while":[192],"reducing":[193],"reliance":[194],"expert":[196],"intervention.":[197],"These":[198],"suggest":[200],"promising":[202],"approach":[203],"long-term":[209],"monitoring":[211],"dams.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}