{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225263210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","title":"Learning Across Wells: A Robust Framework for Lithology Classification and Prediction","display_name":"Learning Across Wells: A Robust Framework for Lithology Classification and Prediction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225263210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11229597/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11229597/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022637228","display_name":"Yasir Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-796X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4614-796X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160689370","display_name":"Zoonash Arshad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoonash Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Houston"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Houston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011716765","display_name":"H\u00fclya Kurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-6233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-6233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H\u00fclya Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073860504","display_name":"Caner \u0130mren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-9107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-9107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caner \u0130mren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istanbul Technical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istanbul Technical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060487488","display_name":"Muhsan Ehsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9430-5486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9430-5486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhsan Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bahria University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bahria University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032627421","display_name":"Numair Ahmed Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6703-0699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6703-0699"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Numair Ahmed Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.055399999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithological-classification","display_name":"lithology classification","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-log-data","display_name":"well logs","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-radiation","display_name":"gamma radiation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulk-density","display_name":"bulk density","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-porosity","display_name":"effective porosity","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonic-transit-time","display_name":"sonic transit time","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-sea-wells","display_name":"North Sea wells","score":0.6190000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46293882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080707","display_name":"Petrophysics","level":3,"score":0.7386999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122792734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6538759","display_name":"Lithology","level":2,"score":0.5791000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5389000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776951270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026910","display_name":"Wireline","level":3,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35817400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2383566","display_name":"Well logging","level":2,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146588470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742139","display_name":"Facies","level":3,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14641988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315329","display_name":"Reservoir modeling","level":2,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777447996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991263","display_name":"Tight gas","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161028810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138304","display_name":"Regional geology","level":4,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11229597/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11229597/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11229597/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324489","display_name":"Istanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225263210.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225263210.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2529108047","https://openalex.org/W2887575872","https://openalex.org/W2904021815","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913647591","https://openalex.org/W3012833929","https://openalex.org/W3018127835","https://openalex.org/W3169358026","https://openalex.org/W4389429173","https://openalex.org/W4402088537","https://openalex.org/W4402925338","https://openalex.org/W4403741510","https://openalex.org/W7103365522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6886046633","https://openalex.org/W4411248334","https://openalex.org/W3124603251","https://openalex.org/W4402088537","https://openalex.org/W4396816102","https://openalex.org/W7160841747","https://openalex.org/W7167487267","https://openalex.org/W4386363251","https://openalex.org/W7213986336","https://openalex.org/W4411343053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Automated":[1],"lithology":[2,77,230],"classification":[3],"from":[4,66],"wireline":[5,46],"logs":[6],"plays":[7],"a":[8,176,182],"crucial":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11,141,210],"enhancing":[12],"subsurface":[13],"characterization,":[14],"reservoir":[15],"delineation,":[16],"and":[17,33,61,74,83,110,158,164,231,234,240],"completion":[18],"design":[19],"efficiency.":[20],"This":[21],"paper":[22],"develops":[23],"two":[24],"widely":[25],"used":[26,86],"supervised":[27],"machine-learning":[28],"classifiers,":[29],"Random":[30,129,199],"Forest":[31,130],"(RF)":[32,131],"K-Nearest":[34],"Neighbors":[35],"(KNN),":[36],"for":[37,156,160,229,243],"predicting":[38],"multi-well":[39],"lithology.":[40],"The":[41,105,179],"evaluation":[42,90],"uses":[43],"four":[44,67],"standard":[45],"logs:":[47],"gamma":[48],"ray":[49],"(GR),":[50],"bulk":[51],"density":[52],"(RHOB),":[53],"corrected":[54],"sonic":[55],"transit":[56],"time":[57],"(DT":[58],"CORR":[59,174],"),":[60],"effective":[62],"porosity":[63],"(PHIE),":[64],"collected":[65],"North":[68],"Sea":[69],"wells":[70],"(F02-01,":[71],"F03-02,":[72],"F03-04,":[73],"F06-01).":[75],"Four":[76],"classes":[78],"Shale,":[79],"Sandstone,":[80],"Tight":[81],"Sand,":[82],"Carbonate":[84],"were":[85,95,115,166],"to":[87,143],"conduct":[88],"the":[89,92,118,125,167,206,217],"of":[91,120,135,146,154,170,186,219],"models,":[93],"which":[94],"conducted":[96],"without":[97,196,222],"core-calibrated":[98,241],"ground":[99],"truth":[100],"or":[101],"fixed":[102],"petrophysical":[103],"cut-offs.":[104],"assessment":[106],"involved":[107],"blind-well":[108,187],"testing":[109],"Leave-One-Well-Out":[111],"(LOWO)":[112],"cross-validation.":[113,123],"Hyperparameters":[114],"improved":[116],"through":[117],"application":[119],"stratified":[121],"five-fold":[122],"In":[124],"blind":[126],"F06-01":[127],"well,":[128],"demonstrated":[132],"an":[133],"accuracy":[134,145],"100.0%":[136],"(weighted":[137],"F1":[138],"=":[139],"1.000),":[140],"contrast":[142],"KNN's":[144],"98.45%.":[147],"Additionally,":[148],"LOWO":[149],"validation":[150],"produced":[151],"mean":[152],"accuracies":[153],"99.58%":[155],"RF":[157,190],"97.10%":[159],"KNN.":[161],"GR,":[162],"RHOB,":[163],"PHIE":[165],"primary":[168],"features":[169],"significance,":[171],"while":[172],"DT":[173],"had":[175],"negligible":[177],"contribution.":[178],"models":[180],"reached":[181],"consensus":[183],"on":[184],"98.4%":[185],"samples,":[188],"with":[189],"accurately":[191],"addressing":[192],"all":[193],"discrepancies.":[194],"Even":[195],"feature":[197],"scaling,":[198],"Forest's":[200],"full,":[201],"feature-randomized":[202],"ensemble":[203,238],"structure":[204],"surpasses":[205],"distance-based":[207],"KNN":[208],"classifier":[209],"inter-well":[211],"log":[212],"variability":[213],"robustness.":[214],"We":[215],"address":[216],"limitations":[218],"rule-based":[220],"labeling":[221],"core":[223],"data,":[224],"review":[225],"machine":[226],"learning":[227],"research":[228],"facies":[232],"classification,":[233],"propose":[235],"resistivity":[236],"logs,":[237],"boosting,":[239],"labels":[242],"future":[244],"research.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}