{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225259886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","title":"Improving the Measurement Accuracy of HVDC Grounding Impedance Under Multilayer Soil Uncertainty for Energy Engineering Applications","display_name":"Improving the Measurement Accuracy of HVDC Grounding Impedance Under Multilayer Soil Uncertainty for Energy Engineering Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225259886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19110964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145409436","display_name":"Guanjian Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanjian Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160686000","display_name":"Shuozheng Si","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huai'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuozheng Si","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071261804","display_name":"Yang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-7685","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-7685"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160597731","display_name":"Ke Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160627579","display_name":"Xiangyu Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huai'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160668687","display_name":"Jianyu Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160637805","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Engineering Department, Huaian Hongneng Group Co., Ltd., Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160607425","display_name":"Zujun Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huai'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zujun Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073118490","display_name":"Baolian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-2340","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8423-2340"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huai'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baolian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332377","display_name":"Jie Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-4510","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-4510","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7186-7260"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153869","display_name":"Huai'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/0555ezg60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-4510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Automation, Huaian University, Huaian 223001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100332377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153869"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80674522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"964","last_page":"964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9286999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6262999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.6182000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.4909000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78779171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432571","display_name":"Earthing system","level":3,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172100665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7465774","display_name":"Thermal conduction","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144655898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161128","display_name":"Voltage source","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58112919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631203","display_name":"Output impedance","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19110964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a19110964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a19110964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examines":[2],"model":[3,34,62,85,179],"based":[4],"interpretation":[5,172],"of":[6,70,113,121,140,149,173],"HVDC":[7],"grounding":[8,174],"responses":[9],"in":[10,23,82],"horizontally":[11],"layered":[12,166],"soil.":[13],"Grounding":[14],"impedance":[15,95],"denotes":[16],"the":[17,24,67,83,127,132,171,177],"real":[18],"voltage":[19],"to":[20,47,54,115],"current":[21,80],"ratio":[22],"steady":[25],"state":[26],"DC":[27],"conduction":[28],"model.":[29],"A":[30],"finite":[31],"element":[32],"forward":[33],"is":[35],"combined":[36],"with":[37],"a":[38,76,93,138,144],"surrogate":[39],"assisted":[40],"constrained":[41],"robust":[42],"optimization":[43],"framework,":[44],"denoted":[45],"SACRO,":[46,131],"fit":[48],"equivalent":[49],"soil":[50,102,167],"parameter":[51,103],"combinations":[52],"subject":[53],"physical":[55],"bounds":[56],"and":[57,73,117,143,153,170],"prior":[58],"information.":[59],"The":[60,105,151,163],"observation":[61],"distinguishes":[63],"response":[64,108,147,168],"fitting":[65],"from":[66,126],"separate":[68],"identification":[69],"layer":[71],"resistivities":[72],"thicknesses.":[74],"For":[75,130],"fixed":[77],"geometry,":[78],"varying":[79],"amplitude":[81],"linear":[84],"does":[86,98],"not":[87,99],"create":[88],"independent":[89],"normalized":[90],"observations;":[91],"consequently,":[92],"small":[94],"residual":[96],"alone":[97],"establish":[100],"unique":[101],"recovery.":[104],"ten":[106],"reported":[107],"pairs":[109],"have":[110],"relative":[111],"errors":[112],"1.56%":[114],"1.62%":[116],"an":[118],"arithmetic":[119],"mean":[120,146],"approximately":[122],"1.59%,":[123],"calculated":[124],"directly":[125],"displayed":[128],"values.":[129],"results":[133],"showed":[134],"415":[135],"FEM":[136],"evaluations,":[137],"runtime":[139],"98.2":[141],"min":[142],"post-perturbation":[145],"error":[148],"2.55%.":[150],"algorithm":[152],"perturbation":[154],"summaries":[155],"are":[156],"interpreted":[157],"as":[158],"case":[159],"specific":[160],"descriptive":[161],"results.":[162],"framework":[164],"supports":[165],"analysis":[169],"measurements":[175],"within":[176],"stated":[178],"assumptions.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}