{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225256494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","title":"Hazard-specific pathways shape the flood protection gap in the USA","display_name":"Hazard-specific pathways shape the flood protection gap in the USA","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225256494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077698126","display_name":"Koorosh Azizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-7323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-7323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75256744","display_name":"Tennessee State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpczx89","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koorosh Azizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-7323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75256744"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028668567","display_name":"Hassan Dashtian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-1190","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-1190"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Dashtian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003125449","display_name":"Margaret Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-2377","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-2377"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2864-2377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053821055","display_name":"Patrick Bixler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Bixler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083215200","display_name":"Dev Niyogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1848-5080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1848-5080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dev Niyogi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jackson School of Geosciences and Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,  University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jackson School of Geosciences and Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering,  University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041770872","display_name":"Paul Bates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086735912","display_name":"Bridget R. Scanlon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-4199","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-4199"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bridget Scanlon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1234-4199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12394","display_name":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10747","display_name":"Disaster Management and Resilience","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.7211999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776648845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5460068","display_name":"Flood insurance","level":3,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5891342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2868302","display_name":"Property insurance","level":4,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171878848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336797","display_name":"100-year flood","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155681218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193110","display_name":"Floodplain","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186379835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253276","display_name":"Mile","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11080340/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067441684","https://openalex.org/W2120755518","https://openalex.org/W2498631646","https://openalex.org/W2740993754","https://openalex.org/W3213911596","https://openalex.org/W4205173951","https://openalex.org/W4220672792","https://openalex.org/W4288748268","https://openalex.org/W4401407937","https://openalex.org/W4401691185","https://openalex.org/W4404699584","https://openalex.org/W4414051917"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Financial":[1],"flood":[2,29,35],"protection":[3,17],"gaps":[4,125],"are":[5,49],"often":[6],"reported":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9],"single":[10],"measure,":[11],"masking":[12],"important":[13],"differences":[14],"in":[15],"how":[16,46],"falls":[18],"short.":[19],"We":[20,55],"combine":[21],"building-level":[22],"estimates":[23],"of":[24,82,113,129],"rainfall,":[25],"riverine":[26,95],"and":[27,37,94,98,134,149],"coastal":[28,105,108],"losses":[30,48,58],"with":[31,102],"property":[32],"characteristics,":[33],"FEMA":[34],"zones":[36],"National":[38],"Flood":[39],"Insurance":[40],"Program":[41],"(NFIP)":[42],"records":[43],"to":[44],"trace":[45],"expected":[47,57,66,84,114],"distributed":[50],"across":[51,147],"the":[52,70,137],"United":[53],"States.":[54],"distinguish":[56],"outside":[59],"reconstructed":[60],"NFIP":[61,88,109],"payout":[62,68],"(\u201cpublic":[63],"shortfall\u201d)":[64],"from":[65],"covered":[67],"above":[69],"allocated":[71],"building-coverage":[72],"risk-premium":[73],"base":[74],"(\u201cNFIP":[75],"shortfall\u201d).":[76],"Public":[77],"shortfall":[78,110],"accounts":[79],"for":[80,92,104],"81%":[81],"combined-hazard":[83],"annual":[85],"loss.":[86],"Estimated":[87],"participation":[89],"is":[90],"low":[91,130],"rainfall":[93],"exposure":[96],"(16":[97],"20%,":[99],"respectively),":[100],"compared":[101],"59%":[103],"exposure.":[106],"Yet":[107],"reaches":[111],"32%":[112],"loss,":[115],"versus":[116],"about":[117],"11%":[118],"inland.":[119],"Across":[120],"census":[121],"tracts,":[122],"similar":[123],"financial":[124],"reflect":[126],"different":[127],"combinations":[128],"participation,":[131],"inadequate":[132],"coverage":[133],"pressure":[135],"within":[136],"insured":[138],"pool.":[139],"Effective":[140],"policy":[141],"must":[142],"address":[143],"these":[144],"drivers":[145],"differently":[146],"hazards":[148],"places.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
