{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225253000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","title":"Management of Stormwater through Green Infrastructure Systems in Coastal Urban Areas: Hydrological Modelling, Compound-Flood Response, and Water-Quality Performance","display_name":"Management of Stormwater through Green Infrastructure Systems in Coastal Urban Areas: Hydrological Modelling, Compound-Flood Response, and Water-Quality Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225253000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54361/ajmas.261109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4212763019","display_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2707-7179","issn":["2707-7179"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157664300","display_name":"Noura Elkarami","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noura Elkarami","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157664300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75968186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2668921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434713","display_name":"Impervious surface","level":2,"score":0.8553000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7997000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778396350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915241","display_name":"Bioretention","level":4,"score":0.7924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50477045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444790","display_name":"Surface runoff","level":2,"score":0.6970999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173051318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421263","display_name":"Stormwater","level":3,"score":0.6879000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.6243000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67592535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7481320","display_name":"Drainage","level":2,"score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153400128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150731","display_name":"Infiltration (HVAC)","level":2,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122885670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6432882","display_name":"Low-impact development","level":5,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.42329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4043999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776093225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6134303","display_name":"Storm Water Management Model","level":4,"score":0.3813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427027","display_name":"Green infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1284942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929501","display_name":"Water level","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4646841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75007070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627230","display_name":"Return period","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777420705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5460072","display_name":"Flood mitigation","level":3,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39769621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3342272","display_name":"Water table","level":3,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66465714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148989","display_name":"Water balance","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132916221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5629419","display_name":"HEC-HMS","level":3,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126933887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4358090","display_name":"Urban runoff","level":4,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539955404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187968","display_name":"Flood control","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182641432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15875652","display_name":"Tidal irrigation","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54361/ajmas.261109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4212763019","display_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2707-7179","issn":["2707-7179"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54361/ajmas.261109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54361/ajmas.261109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4212763019","display_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2707-7179","issn":["2707-7179"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"seven":[1],"different":[2],"GI":[3,183,318],"scenarios,":[4],"a":[5,125,201,207,321],"representative":[6],"120":[7],"ha":[8],"coastal":[9,121,329,362],"urban":[10],"drainage":[11,86,353],"catchment,":[12],"typical":[13],"of":[14,21,57,67,83,104,132,143,149,159,182,213,232,241,256],"Alexandria,":[15],"Egypt,":[16],"on":[17,324],"the":[18,22,58,90,172,228,360],"Mediterranean":[19],"coast":[20],"Nile":[23],"Delta,":[24],"was":[25],"analyzed":[26],"using":[27],"SWMM":[28],"5.2":[29],"with":[30,65,111,186,249,270],"its":[31],"low":[32],"impact":[33],"development":[34],"(LID)":[35],"extension.":[36],"The":[37,77],"scenarios":[38,103,295],"included":[39],"four":[40],"single-practice":[41],"scenarios:":[42],"green":[43],"roof,":[44],"permeable":[45],"pavement,":[46],"bioretention":[47],"cell,":[48],"and":[49,61,70,85,99,107,146,157,164,221,264,275,293,305,342,346,355],"infiltration":[50,115,247],"trench,":[51],"each":[52,285],"aimed":[53],"at":[54],"mitigating":[55],"20%":[56],"impervious":[59,72],"area,":[60],"three":[62],"mixed":[63],"portfolios":[64],"targets":[66],"10%,":[68],"20%,":[69],"30%":[71],"areas":[73],"(MIX10,":[74],"MIX20,":[75,292],"MIX30).":[76],"catchment":[78],"has":[79],"an":[80,112,187],"area-weighted":[81],"imperviousness":[82],"81.9%,":[84],"is":[87,335],"discharged":[88],"from":[89,198,234],"tide":[91],"gate":[92],"to":[93,118,204,236],"receive":[94],"storm":[95,131,190,203,352],"surge,":[96],"astronomical":[97],"tide,":[98],"sea-level":[100],"rise":[101],"(SLR)":[102],"+0.0,":[105],"+0.5,":[106],"+1.0":[108,214],"m,":[109],"together":[110],"incrementally":[113],"diminishing":[114,336],"capacity":[116],"due":[117],"rising":[119,250,343],"shallow":[120,251],"groundwater":[122,252],"levels.":[123],"For":[124],"10-year":[126],"2-hour":[127],"return":[128],"period":[129],"design":[130],"39.7":[133],"mm,":[134],"baseline":[135,217],"simulation":[136],"provided":[137],"0.79":[138],"runoff":[139,160],"coefficient,":[140],"14.09":[141],"m\u00b3/s":[142],"peak":[144,162],"runoff,":[145,163],"11,693":[147],"m\u00b3":[148,240],"system":[150],"flooding.":[151],"Scenarios":[152],"MIX30":[153,196,222,233,271,294],"reduced":[154,269],"27.9%,":[155],"35.1%,":[156],"59.5%":[158,235],"volume,":[161,166],"flood":[165,174],"respectively.":[167,277],"Permeable":[168],"pavement":[169],"resulted":[170],"in":[171,189,246,328],"largest":[173],"volume":[175],"reduction":[176,194,230],"(56.9%)":[177],"among":[178],"single":[179],"practices.":[180],"Efficacy":[181],"systems":[184,354],"decreased":[185],"increase":[188],"size,":[191],"as":[192],"flood-volume":[193,229],"for":[195,200,206,284,299],"varied":[197],"88.6%":[199],"2-year":[202],"42.9%":[205],"50-year":[208],"storm.":[209],"A":[210,278],"SLR":[211],"scenario":[212],"m":[215],"increased":[216],"flooding":[218,223,327],"by":[219,224,244,272,350],"17.1%":[220],"30.5%,":[225],"hence":[226],"decreasing":[227],"efficacy":[231],"54.8%,":[237],"including":[238],"204":[239],"water":[242],"caused":[243],"limitations":[245],"associated":[248],"level.":[253],"Event":[254],"loadings":[255],"total":[257,261,265],"suspended":[258],"solids":[259],"(TSS),":[260],"nitrogen":[262],"(TN),":[263],"phosphorus":[266],"(TP)":[267],"were":[268,296],"44.4%,":[273],"40.5%,":[274],"39.6%,":[276],"Monte":[279],"Carlo":[280],"Analysis":[281],"(60":[282],"runs":[283],"scenario)":[286],"revealed":[287],"that":[288,316],"differences":[289],"between":[290],"BL,":[291],"statistically":[297],"significant":[298],"all":[300],"response":[301],"variables":[302],"(one-way":[303],"ANOVA":[304],"Tukey\u2019s":[306],"HSD,":[307],"p":[308],"<":[309],"0.001).":[310],"From":[311],"these":[312],"findings,":[313],"it":[314],"follows":[315],"distributed":[317],"can":[319],"have":[320],"substantial":[322],"effect":[323,334],"alleviating":[325],"pluvial":[326],"low-lying":[330],"areas;":[331],"however,":[332],"this":[333],"under":[337],"both":[338],"extreme":[339],"rainfall":[340],"events":[341],"sea":[344],"levels":[345],"should":[347],"be":[348],"complemented":[349],"grey":[351],"outfall":[356],"management":[357,364],"strategies":[358],"within":[359],"overall":[361],"stormwater":[363],"program.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
