{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225252769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","title":"Decoding Immune Dysregulation in Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: Insights From Lymphocyte Subsets and Urinary Cytokine Analysis","display_name":"Decoding Immune Dysregulation in Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: Insights From Lymphocyte Subsets and Urinary Cytokine Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225252769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42985455","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13732416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijne/3601660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/ijne/3601660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120416549","display_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","issn_l":"2090-214X","issn":["2090-214X","2090-2158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/ijne/3601660","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160679094","display_name":"A. K. Anju Ashok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3898-392X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3898-392X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117092","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/029mnbn96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. K. Anju Ashok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3898-392X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090844411","display_name":"Gautom Kumar Saharia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-0761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-0761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117092","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/029mnbn96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautom Kumar Saharia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-0761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008750880","display_name":"Amit Kumar Satapathy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-7847","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-7847"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117092","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/029mnbn96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Satapathy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-7847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007574445","display_name":"Manaswini Mangaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-6872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-6872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117092","display_name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar","ror":"https://ror.org/029mnbn96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manaswini Mangaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-6872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry AIIMS  Bhubaneswar 751019 Odisha India  aiims.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090844411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117092"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1000},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1000},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85869468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":"3601660","last_page":"3601660"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11029","display_name":"Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11029","display_name":"Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10308","display_name":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10697","display_name":"Vasculitis and related conditions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2745","display_name":"Rheumatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idiopathic-nephrotic-syndrome","display_name":"idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-nephrotic-syndrome","display_name":"pediatric nephrotic syndrome","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-dysregulation","display_name":"immune dysregulation","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lymphocyte-subsets","display_name":"lymphocyte subsets","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steroid-resistance","display_name":"steroid resistance","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steroid-sensitivity","display_name":"steroid sensitivity","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urinary-cytokines","display_name":"urinary cytokines","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-gamma","display_name":"interferon-gamma","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-13","display_name":"IL-13","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-4","display_name":"IL-4","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cells","display_name":"T cells","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/b-cells","display_name":"B cells","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-activation","display_name":"immune activation","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/podocytes","display_name":"podocytes","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steroid-responsiveness","display_name":"steroid responsiveness","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8385000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.715499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780194698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005429","display_name":"Immune dysregulation","level":3,"score":0.7010999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6136000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778930706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504790","display_name":"Nephrotic syndrome","level":2,"score":0.5687999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777761686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715347","display_name":"Lymphocyte","level":2,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77411442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181100","display_name":"Urinary system","level":2,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020391436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715347","display_name":"Lymphocyte subsets","level":4,"score":0.4814999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553184892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141429","display_name":"Flow cytometry","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196166836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902926","display_name":"Immunophenotyping","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777747828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323002","display_name":"Minimal change disease","level":5,"score":0.26339998841285706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijne/3601660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/ijne/3601660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120416549","display_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","issn_l":"2090-214X","issn":["2090-214X","2090-2158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13732416","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732416/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732416/pdf/IJNE-2026-3601660.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Nephrol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42985455","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42985455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of nephrology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijne/3601660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijne/3601660","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1155/ijne/3601660","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120416549","display_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","issn_l":"2090-214X","issn":["2090-214X","2090-2158"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Nephrology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320720","display_name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0492wrx28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225252769.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225252769.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831873206","https://openalex.org/W1975130888","https://openalex.org/W2033653380","https://openalex.org/W2055808591","https://openalex.org/W2134342374","https://openalex.org/W2154189909","https://openalex.org/W2219152942","https://openalex.org/W2330045152","https://openalex.org/W2759042122","https://openalex.org/W2808503484","https://openalex.org/W2926378452","https://openalex.org/W3021746826","https://openalex.org/W3174663255","https://openalex.org/W4211122976","https://openalex.org/W4307848908","https://openalex.org/W4313892304","https://openalex.org/W4384024465","https://openalex.org/W4409565545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7219744376","https://openalex.org/W2759042122","https://openalex.org/W4313892304","https://openalex.org/W102845079","https://openalex.org/W2972886272","https://openalex.org/W2078975937","https://openalex.org/W2378795994","https://openalex.org/W2118678994","https://openalex.org/W2084194895","https://openalex.org/W4393464297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Idiopathic":[1],"nephrotic":[2],"syndrome":[3],"(INS)":[4],"is":[5,17],"a":[6,21,58,69,165],"primary":[7],"kidney":[8],"disease":[9,134],"of":[10,28,63,81,122,133,142,216],"childhood":[11,217],"involving":[12],"podocytes":[13],"where":[14],"immune":[15,47,178,211,233],"dysregulation":[16],"thought":[18],"to":[19,32,44,76,199],"play":[20],"major":[22],"role":[23],"in":[24,40,157,168,204,213,227],"pathogenesis.":[25],"The":[26,219],"aim":[27],"the":[29,46,120,131,214],"study":[30,62],"was":[31,57],"evaluate":[33],"peripheral":[34],"lymphocyte":[35,109],"subsets":[36,145],"and":[37,49,90,95,107,117,124,153,171,174,186,206,223],"urinary":[38,114,172],"cytokines":[39],"children":[41,64,83],"with":[42,52,65,84,189,193],"INS":[43,85],"understand":[45],"mechanisms":[48],"their":[50],"association":[51],"steroid":[53,87,92,150],"responsiveness.":[54],"Methods:":[55],"This":[56],"prospective":[59],"longitudinal":[60],"observational":[61],"INS,":[66],"conducted":[67],"at":[68,119,130],"tertiary":[70],"care":[71],"hospital":[72],"from":[73,197],"August":[74],"2021":[75],"June":[77],"2023.":[78],"A":[79],"total":[80],"34":[82],"(17":[86],"sensitive":[88],"[SSNS]":[89],"17":[91,96],"resistant":[93],"[SRNS])":[94],"healthy":[97],"controls":[98],"were":[99],"enrolled.":[100],"Flow":[101],"cytometry":[102],"analyzed":[103],"CD3+,":[104,184],"CD4+,":[105,185],"CD8+,":[106],"CD19+":[108,152,187],"subsets,":[110],"while":[111],"ELISA":[112],"estimated":[113],"IFN-\u03b3,":[115],"IL-4,":[116],"IL-13":[118],"onset":[121],"disease/relapse":[123],"during":[125],"remission.":[126],"Results:":[127],"<":[128],"0.05)":[129],"time":[132],"onset.":[135],"SRNS":[136,161,228],"patients":[137,162,229],"had":[138],"notably":[139],"higher":[140],"counts":[141,155,188],"all":[143],"these":[144],"than":[146],"SSNS":[147],"patients.":[148],"Following":[149],"therapy,":[151],"CD3+":[154],"increased":[156],"both":[158],"groups;":[159],"however,":[160],"also":[163],"showed":[164],"persistent":[166,231],"increase":[167],"CD4+":[169],"cells":[170],"IFN-\u03b3":[173],"IL-13,":[175],"suggesting":[176],"ongoing":[177],"activation.":[179],"ROC":[180],"curve":[181],"analysis":[182],"identified":[183],"moderate":[190],"diagnostic":[191],"performance":[192],"AUC":[194],"values":[195],"ranging":[196],"0.706":[198],"0.747.":[200],"Conclusion:":[201],"Significant":[202],"alterations":[203],"T-":[205],"B-lymphocyte":[207],"subset":[208],"populations":[209],"indicate":[210,230],"activation":[212,234],"pathogenesis":[215],"INS.":[218],"distinct":[220],"immunological":[221],"profiles":[222],"poststeroid":[224],"cytokine":[225],"increases":[226],"local":[232],"despite":[235],"treatment.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}