{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225252536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","title":"Mycobacteriophage Cluster A Immunity Repressors: A Conserved Protein Fold Adapted for Diverse Biological Functions","display_name":"Mycobacteriophage Cluster A Immunity Repressors: A Conserved Protein Fold Adapted for Diverse Biological Functions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225252536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005813311","display_name":"Jamie R. Wallen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-9177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-9177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamie Wallen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-9177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160680813","display_name":"Regan McKinney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regan McKinney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160573490","display_name":"Serim Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serim Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115638838","display_name":"Hannah B Bonogafsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Bonogafsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160572197","display_name":"Ashley Tuhro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Tuhro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160625871","display_name":"Malcolm Turner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103406327","display_name":"Western Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/010h78f45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malcolm Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Carolina University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Carolina University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103406327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009964853","display_name":"Thomas Hollis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-6346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4996-6346"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269449","display_name":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/046r1r105","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47251452","display_name":"Wake Forest University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207ad724","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Hollis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wake Forest University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269449","https://openalex.org/I47251452"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090621161","display_name":"Maria D. Gainey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8853-2092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8853-2092"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Gainey","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8853-2092","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11048","display_name":"Bacteriophages and microbial interactions","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10120","display_name":"Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11162","display_name":"Enzyme Structure and Function","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182615771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369386","display_name":"Lytic cycle","level":3,"score":0.8216999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.7477999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.5364000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2252764","display_name":"DNA-binding protein","level":4,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36857842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501261","display_name":"Gene cluster","level":3,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776441376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165028","display_name":"Bacteriophage","level":4,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199216141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4995178","display_name":"Conserved sequence","level":4,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107824862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616005","display_name":"Binding site","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3662595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205743","display_name":"DNA binding site","level":5,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77400797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24724047","display_name":"Single-stranded binding protein","level":5,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51639874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167149","display_name":"Plasma protein binding","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553089730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4914021","display_name":"Binding protein","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165864922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411391","display_name":"Regulation of gene expression","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780879997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952587","display_name":"Viral protein","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113629113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4345509","display_name":"Lac repressor","level":5,"score":0.26600000262260437}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10844716/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976576122","https://openalex.org/W2003866350","https://openalex.org/W2011226772","https://openalex.org/W2031915774","https://openalex.org/W2061506539","https://openalex.org/W2097693556","https://openalex.org/W2098466396","https://openalex.org/W2106882534","https://openalex.org/W2108377979","https://openalex.org/W2121151853","https://openalex.org/W2142654956","https://openalex.org/W2145707329","https://openalex.org/W2148903697","https://openalex.org/W2157009395","https://openalex.org/W2157952108","https://openalex.org/W2163341755","https://openalex.org/W2470839957","https://openalex.org/W2594385802","https://openalex.org/W2610162525","https://openalex.org/W2774178591","https://openalex.org/W2792589100","https://openalex.org/W2898222896","https://openalex.org/W2943878465","https://openalex.org/W3113163651","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W4211126430","https://openalex.org/W4248872320","https://openalex.org/W4280519382","https://openalex.org/W4284680620","https://openalex.org/W4285389233","https://openalex.org/W4361284289","https://openalex.org/W4375955055","https://openalex.org/W4394694796","https://openalex.org/W4396721167","https://openalex.org/W4404225840","https://openalex.org/W4409781696","https://openalex.org/W4416944670","https://openalex.org/W7155816169"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mycobacteriophage":[1],"cluster":[2,55,91,123],"A":[3,56,92],"immunity":[4,30,86],"repressors":[5,93,136],"are":[6,67],"unusual":[7],"in":[8,84],"that":[9,37,90,134],"they":[10],"silence":[11,144],"lytic":[12,146],"gene":[13,147],"expression":[14],"by":[15,33],"binding":[16,19,44,50,82,114],"numerous":[17],"DNA":[18,43,49,81,103,113],"sites":[20,51],"located":[21],"throughout":[22],"the":[23,39,62,110],"viral":[24,118,145],"genome.":[25],"They":[26],"can":[27],"also":[28],"provide":[29,102],"to":[31,101,128,139],"infection":[32],"genetically":[34],"similar":[35,42,48],"phages":[36],"contain":[38,122],"same":[40],"or":[41],"sites.":[45],"Despite":[46],"containing":[47],"and":[52,80,83,119],"repressor":[53,125],"proteins,":[54],"viruses":[57],"often":[58],"display":[59],"heteroimmune":[60],"phenotypes,":[61],"molecular":[63],"details":[64],"of":[65,73,109],"which":[66,132],"currently":[68],"unclear.":[69],"Using":[70],"a":[71,95,106],"combination":[72],"small-angle":[74],"X-ray":[75],"scattering,":[76],"protein":[77,97,130],"crystallography,":[78],"bioinformatics,":[79],"vivo":[85],"assays,":[87],"we":[88],"show":[89],"conserve":[94],"common":[96],"fold":[98],"yet":[99],"appear":[100],"specificity":[104],"through":[105],"narrow":[107],"region":[108],"novel":[111],"stoperator":[112],"domain.":[115],"Additionally,":[116],"both":[117],"bacterial":[120],"genomes":[121],"A-like":[124],"proteins":[126],"fused":[127],"diverse":[129],"domains,":[131],"suggest":[133],"these":[135],"have":[137],"evolved":[138],"do":[140],"more":[141],"than":[142],"just":[143],"expression.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}