{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225247183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","title":"Crisis of Relevance: Power Shifts, Institutional Adaptation, and the Future of WTO Reform","display_name":"Crisis of Relevance: Power Shifts, Institutional Adaptation, and the Future of WTO Reform","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225247183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.washu.edu:undergrad_etd-1271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.washu.edu/context/undergrad_etd/article/1271/viewcontent/2026_Zhang_Crisis_of_Relevance_at_the_WTO_ocr.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.library.washu.edu/context/undergrad_etd/article/1271/viewcontent/2026_Zhang_Crisis_of_Relevance_at_the_WTO_ocr.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196400","display_name":"Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","host_organization_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Senior Honors Papers / Undergraduate Theses","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160654326","display_name":"Ruishi Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ruishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160654326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93978164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13995","display_name":"Globalization and political ideologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777689456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413574","display_name":"Multilateralism","level":3,"score":0.6103000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.5254999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776957806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105","display_name":"Interim","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776503585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172301","display_name":"Institutionalism","level":3,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779848117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187201","display_name":"International arbitration","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775906566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q692412","display_name":"Trade war","level":3,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86060140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5976203","display_name":"Historical institutionalism","level":3,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269699","display_name":"Interdependence","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776310101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524235","display_name":"Global governance","level":3,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160151201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207946","display_name":"Arbitration","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780060422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178564","display_name":"Expropriation","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105289051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930094","display_name":"Pillar","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779816988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305418","display_name":"Abandonment (legal)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777188754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140822","display_name":"Coercion (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49493942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3400813","display_name":"Economic power","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.washu.edu:undergrad_etd-1271","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.washu.edu/context/undergrad_etd/article/1271/viewcontent/2026_Zhang_Crisis_of_Relevance_at_the_WTO_ocr.pdf","pdf_url":"https://repository.library.washu.edu/context/undergrad_etd/article/1271/viewcontent/2026_Zhang_Crisis_of_Relevance_at_the_WTO_ocr.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196400","display_name":"Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","host_organization_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Senior Honors Papers / Undergraduate Theses","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.7936/58nd-rm43","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053377","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7936/58nd-rm43","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7936/58nd-rm43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053377","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis Libraries","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91,180],"World":[1],"Trade":[2],"Organization":[3],"(WTO)":[4],"is":[5,83],"currently":[6],"under":[7],"a":[8,39,161,175],"systemic":[9],"crisis":[10,30],"of":[11,59,81,87,146,163,170,195,214],"relevance,":[12],"as":[13,115],"major":[14],"nations":[15],"like":[16],"the":[17,57,65,70,78,99,102,108,129,137,144,147,167,187,191,196,199,204],"U.S.":[18],"turned":[19],"to":[20,42,44,63,98,154,173,202,210],"trade":[21,25],"protectionism":[22],"and":[23,49,74,107,139,143,190],"global":[24,46,215],"became":[26],"more":[27],"fragmented.":[28],"This":[29,54],"originates":[31],"not":[32],"merely":[33],"from":[34,38,206],"political":[35],"friction":[36],"but":[37],"structural":[40],"failure":[41],"adapt":[43],"shifting":[45],"power":[47],"dynamics":[48],"emerging":[50],"21st":[51],"century":[52],"issues.":[53],"thesis":[55,92,159],"utilizes":[56],"framework":[58],"Historical":[60],"Institutionalism":[61],"(HI)":[62],"trace":[64],"organization's":[66,130],"institutional":[67,89,96],"evolution":[68],"in":[69,127,136,198],"past":[71],"three":[72],"decades,":[73],"it":[75],"argues":[76],"that":[77,121],"current":[79],"statements":[80],"relevancy":[82],"an":[84,211],"inevitable":[85],"consequence":[86],"long-term":[88,138],"development.":[90],"evaluates":[93],"WTO's":[94,148],"contemporary":[95],"responses":[97],"crisis,":[100],"specifically":[101],"Joint":[103],"Statement":[104],"Initiatives":[105],"(JSIs)":[106],"Multi-Party":[109],"Interim":[110],"Appeal":[111],"Arbitration":[112],"Arrangement":[113],"(MPIA),":[114],"\"institutional":[116,164],"layerings.\"":[117],"It":[118],"then":[119],"concludes":[120],"despite":[122],"these":[123],"mechanisms'":[124],"short-term":[125],"effectiveness":[126],"addressing":[128],"immediate":[131],"functionality,":[132],"they":[133],"are":[134],"insufficient":[135],"risk":[140],"further":[141],"fragmentation":[142],"marginalization":[145],"core":[149],"multilateral":[150,178],"design.":[151],"In":[152],"order":[153],"resolve":[155],"this":[156,158],"impasse,":[157],"proposes":[160],"model":[162],"conversion,\"":[165],"involving":[166],"deliberate":[168],"re-purposing":[169],"existing":[171],"institutions":[172],"recreate":[174],"de":[176],"facto":[177],"framework.":[179],"reform":[181,184],"proposal":[182],"includes":[183],"measures":[185],"on":[186],"JSI,":[188],"MPIA,":[189],"broader":[192],"strategic":[193],"direction":[194],"organization":[197],"future,":[200],"aiming":[201],"transition":[203],"WTO":[205],"gradual":[207],"decline":[208],"back":[209],"indispensable":[212],"pillar":[213],"economic":[216],"governance.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}