{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225245656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","title":"Beyond diagnostics: a scoping review of generative artificial intelligence for clinical documentation and client communication in veterinary practice","display_name":"Beyond diagnostics: a scoping review of generative artificial intelligence for clinical documentation and client communication in veterinary practice","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225245656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161638509","display_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","issn_l":"0003-1488","issn":["0003-1488","1943-569X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322545313","host_organization_name":"American Veterinary Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322545313"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Veterinary Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017149029","display_name":"Roberto Bava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36443711","display_name":"Magna Graecia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0530bdk91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Bava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-8584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022525298","display_name":"Stefano Ruga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0401-4027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0401-4027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36443711","display_name":"Magna Graecia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0530bdk91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Ruga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0401-4027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021109233","display_name":"Ernesto Palma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-207X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-207X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36443711","display_name":"Magna Graecia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0530bdk91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Palma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-207X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36443711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009189017","display_name":"Giovanna Liguori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-345X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-345X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106296451","display_name":"University of Foggia","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtv3204","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106296451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanna Liguori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Local Health Authority of Foggia, Foggia, Italy","Sbarro Health Research Organization ETS, Candiolo, Italy","Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, PA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-345X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Local Health Authority of Foggia, Foggia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106296451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sbarro Health Research Organization ETS, Candiolo, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77877867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12790","display_name":"Nursing Diagnosis and Documentation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.7957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.6401000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21338462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662581","display_name":"Information model","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.26.08.0633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S161638509","display_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","issn_l":"0003-1488","issn":["0003-1488","1943-569X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322545313","host_organization_name":"American Veterinary Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322545313"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Veterinary Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1819366473","https://openalex.org/W2075950485","https://openalex.org/W2084154288","https://openalex.org/W2113344082","https://openalex.org/W2125311058","https://openalex.org/W2127625785","https://openalex.org/W2148763706","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W4251961642","https://openalex.org/W4283756708","https://openalex.org/W4311335244","https://openalex.org/W4311519589","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4387845654","https://openalex.org/W4389425845","https://openalex.org/W4389868629","https://openalex.org/W4393177740","https://openalex.org/W4394693092","https://openalex.org/W4394782456","https://openalex.org/W4399209391","https://openalex.org/W4399667220","https://openalex.org/W4404611699","https://openalex.org/W4405225674","https://openalex.org/W4405991176","https://openalex.org/W4406466662","https://openalex.org/W4409287345","https://openalex.org/W4412674075","https://openalex.org/W4412966239","https://openalex.org/W4413375855","https://openalex.org/W4417024352","https://openalex.org/W7114921376","https://openalex.org/W7130359218","https://openalex.org/W7161576112"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Objective":[1],"To":[2],"systematically":[3],"map":[4],"the":[5,99,107,200],"current":[6],"landscape":[7],"of":[8,121,182],"generative":[9],"AI":[10,228],"(GenAI)":[11],"and":[12,20,30,44,55,67,75,87,91,119,125,130,137,155,180,195,211],"large":[13],"language":[14],"model":[15],"applications":[16],"for":[17,41,47,60,191],"clinical":[18,85,112,115,168,250],"documentation":[19,113,194],"client":[21,133,196],"communication":[22,134,197],"in":[23,98,151],"veterinary":[24,193],"medicine,":[25],"critically":[26],"appraise":[27],"validation":[28,81,208,243],"depth,":[29],"identify":[31],"barriers":[32,166],"to":[33,162,245],"real-world":[34],"adoption.":[35],"Methods":[36],"Following":[37],"Preferred":[38],"Reporting":[39],"Items":[40],"Systematic":[42],"Reviews":[43],"Meta-Analyses":[45],"extension":[46],"scoping":[48],"reviews":[49],"guidelines,":[50],"PubMed,":[51],"Scopus,":[52],"CAB":[53],"Abstracts,":[54],"IEEE":[56],"Xplore":[57],"were":[58],"searched":[59],"original":[61],"research":[62,234],"published":[63],"between":[64],"January":[65],"2020":[66],"June":[68],"2026.":[69],"Two":[70],"reviewers":[71],"independently":[72],"screened":[73],"records":[74],"extracted":[76],"data":[77,170],"using":[78],"a":[79,206],"4-dimensional":[80],"matrix":[82],"(technical":[83],"accuracy,":[84],"quality":[86],"safety,":[88],"operational":[89,147,210],"impact,":[90],"human-centric":[92,212],"impact).":[93],"Synthesis":[94],"was":[95,144,149],"conceptually":[96],"grounded":[97],"job":[100],"demands-resources":[101],"model.":[102],"Results":[103],"10":[104],"studies":[105],"met":[106],"inclusion":[108],"criteria:":[109],"6":[110],"addressed":[111,132],"(automated":[114],"coding,":[116],"information":[117,177],"extraction,":[118],"generation":[120],"subjective,":[122],"objective,":[123],"assessment,":[124],"plan":[126],"[ie,":[127],"SOAP]":[128],"notes),":[129],"4":[131],"(veterinary":[135],"triage":[136],"automated":[138],"query":[139],"responses).":[140],"While":[141],"technical":[142,189],"accuracy":[143],"frequently":[145],"assessed,":[146],"impact":[148],"evaluated":[150],"only":[152],"1":[153],"study,":[154],"no":[156],"study":[157],"employed":[158],"validated":[159],"psychometric":[160],"instruments":[161],"measure":[163],"burnout.":[164],"Key":[165],"included":[167],"hallucinations,":[169],"privacy":[171],"concerns,":[172],"poor":[173],"interoperability":[174],"with":[175,230],"practice":[176],"management":[178],"systems,":[179],"absence":[181],"veterinary-specific":[183],"fine-tuning.":[184],"Conclusions":[185],"GenAI":[186],"demonstrates":[187],"substantial":[188],"promise":[190],"automating":[192],"tasks,":[198],"yet":[199],"evidence":[201,221,247],"base":[202],"is":[203],"characterized":[204],"by":[205],"pronounced":[207],"gap:":[209],"outcomes":[213],"remain":[214],"virtually":[215],"unquantified.":[216],"Clinical":[217],"Relevance":[218],"Until":[219],"rigorous":[220],"emerges,":[222],"veterinarians":[223],"should":[224],"approach":[225],"commercially":[226],"available":[227],"tools":[229],"cautious":[231],"optimism.":[232],"Future":[233],"must":[235],"prioritize":[236],"pragmatic,":[237],"multicenter":[238],"prospective":[239],"trials":[240],"employing":[241],"multidimensional":[242],"frameworks":[244],"generate":[246],"supporting":[248],"safe":[249],"deployment.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}