{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225244171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","title":"Codon Usage Bias and Host Adaptation of Canine Circovirus Identified from Various Hosts","display_name":"Codon Usage Bias and Host Adaptation of Canine Circovirus Identified from Various Hosts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225244171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113417836","display_name":"Ruiqi Jiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087450","display_name":"Henan Province Quality and Technical Supervision Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/007ecf642","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087450"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqi Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","Henan Quality Monitoring Inspection and Research Institute of Fiber and Textile Products, Zhengzhou 450007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Quality Monitoring Inspection and Research Institute of Fiber and Textile Products, Zhengzhou 450007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101421883","display_name":"Xin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3043-7636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3043-7636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027164117","display_name":"Jun Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-4163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-4163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9511-4163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104363274","display_name":"Wang YanHua","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110699835","display_name":"Yao Lunguang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110718","display_name":"Nanyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f7yer47","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lunguang Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-Reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology, Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83270254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"3494","last_page":"3494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11495","display_name":"Animal Virus Infections Studies","score":0.551800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11495","display_name":"Animal Virus Infections Studies","score":0.551800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.39820000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87253356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106472","display_name":"Codon usage bias","level":4,"score":0.8995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7979000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.6283000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.5597000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91779695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3780824","display_name":"Coding region","level":3,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5121560","display_name":"Circovirus","level":4,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19597524","display_name":"Host adaptation","level":4,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128578","display_name":"Porcine circovirus","level":3,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202878990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830465","display_name":"Capsid","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176990463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1854186","display_name":"Start codon","level":4,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153209595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128","display_name":"Single-nucleotide polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140704245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933202","display_name":"Viral replication","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20580545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28354","display_name":"Stop codon","level":3,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195491092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2717121","display_name":"Silent mutation","level":5,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Canine":[0],"circovirus":[1],"(CCV)":[2],"infection":[3],"could":[4,149],"cause":[5],"immunosuppression":[6],"in":[7],"dogs,":[8,38],"predisposing":[9],"them":[10],"to":[11],"secondary":[12],"complications.":[13],"The":[14,46,162],"virus":[15],"also":[16,150],"shows":[17],"notable":[18],"cross-species":[19],"transmission":[20],"potential.":[21],"To":[22],"investigate":[23],"codon":[24,92,127],"usage":[25,128],"bias":[26,93,129],"(CUB)":[27],"and":[28,42,78,97,111,135,146,156],"host":[29,163,184],"adaptation,":[30],"102":[31],"CCV":[32,71],"sequences":[33,53],"from":[34],"various":[35],"hosts,":[36],"including":[37],"wolves,":[39],"foxes,":[40],"cats,":[41],"badgers,":[43],"were":[44],"analyzed.":[45],"mean":[47],"GC%":[48],"of":[49,70,75,99,106,130],"CCV\u2019s":[50,152,183],"complete":[51],"coding":[52],"was":[54],"50.31%":[55],"(\u03c3":[56],"=":[57],"0.47),":[58],"indicating":[59],"no":[60],"significant":[61,73],"compositional":[62],"bias.":[63],"Furthermore,":[64],"the":[65,84,121,126,170],"replication":[66],"protein":[67,86],"(Rep)":[68],"gene":[69,88],"exhibited":[72],"overrepresentation":[74],"T-ending":[76],"codons":[77,96],"strongly":[79],"avoided":[80],"A-ending":[81,95],"codons,":[82,107],"whereas":[83],"capsid":[85],"(Cap)":[87],"displayed":[89],"a":[90,179],"clear":[91],"toward":[94],"avoidance":[98],"G-":[100],"or":[101],"C-ending":[102],"codons.":[103],"Effective":[104],"number":[105],"parity":[108],"rule":[109],"2,":[110],"neutrality":[112],"analyses":[113],"collectively":[114],"indicated":[115],"that":[116,139,167],"natural":[117],"selection":[118],"acted":[119],"as":[120,143],"primary":[122],"evolutionary":[123],"force":[124],"governing":[125],"CCV.":[131,175],"Correspondence":[132],"analysis":[133,137,165],"(CoA)":[134],"correlation":[136],"demonstrated":[138],"other":[140],"factors":[141],"such":[142],"nucleotide":[144],"composition":[145],"translational":[147],"preferences":[148],"affect":[151],"CUB.":[153],"However,":[154],"geography":[155],"genotype":[157],"should":[158],"not":[159],"be":[160],"ignored.":[161],"adaptation":[164,185],"suggests":[166],"foxes":[168],"are":[169],"most":[171],"suitable":[172],"hosts":[173],"for":[174,181],"This":[176],"study":[177],"provides":[178],"foundation":[180],"understanding":[182],"mechanisms.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}