{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225243032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","title":"Explainable machine learning for predicting self-reported digital competence levels among university faculty","display_name":"Explainable machine learning for predicting self-reported digital competence levels among university faculty","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225243032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081717460","display_name":"Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Ch\u00f3ez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-3295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8604-3295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090927","display_name":"Universidad Estatal de Milagro","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd7ns03","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090927"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jenniffer Sobeida Moreira-Choez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Posgrado, Universidad Estatal de Milagro"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Posgrado, Universidad Estatal de Milagro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160723391","display_name":"Mario Mitsuo Bueno-Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196375840","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1mh260","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Mitsuo Bueno-Fern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160653445","display_name":"Lucio Guadalupe Quirino-Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196375840","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1mh260","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Guadalupe Quirino-Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160647947","display_name":"Manuel Iv\u00e1n Tostado-Ram\u00edrez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196375840","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1mh260","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Iv\u00e1n Tostado-Ram\u00edrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046260447","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Ultreras-Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-9508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-9508"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196375840","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1mh260","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s Ultreras-Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Contadur\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Sinaloa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196375840"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133144402","display_name":"\u00c1ngel Ram\u00f3n Sabando-Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-9590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-9590"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405271642","display_name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador sede Santo Domingo","ror":"https://ror.org/02s830n28","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405271642"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel Ram\u00f3n Sabando-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas y Estad\u00edstica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador- Sede Santo Domingo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1ticas y Estad\u00edstica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador- Sede Santo Domingo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405271642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160702321","display_name":"Zulmary Carolina Nieto-S\u00e1nchez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106163","display_name":"Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Minuto de Dios","ror":"https://ror.org/01r0dam38","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106163"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulmary Carolina Nieto-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Minuto de Dios"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Minuto de Dios","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072651494","display_name":"Mar\u00eda Viviana Zambrano-Alc\u00edvar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133958","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/02qgahb88","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133958"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Viviana Zambrano-Alc\u00edvar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133958"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021988055","display_name":"Carmita Dolores Garc\u00eda-Saltos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133958","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed","ror":"https://ror.org/02qgahb88","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133958"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmita Dolores Garc\u00eda-Saltos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias Human\u00edsticas y Sociales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias Human\u00edsticas y Sociales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Manab\u00ed","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133958"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081717460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090927"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90888305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12338","display_name":"Digital literacy in education","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Digital Transformation of Higher Education","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-skills","display_name":"digital skills","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/university-faculty","display_name":"university faculty","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reported-competence","display_name":"self-reported competence","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociodemographic-predictors","display_name":"sociodemographic predictors","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faculty-professional-development","display_name":"faculty professional development","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6866000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.5102999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780468074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16628824","display_name":"Digital learning","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1877791/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225243032.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225243032.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2078271269","https://openalex.org/W2141007997","https://openalex.org/W2225109326","https://openalex.org/W2412076232","https://openalex.org/W2516146544","https://openalex.org/W2560287812","https://openalex.org/W2586275284","https://openalex.org/W2621428794","https://openalex.org/W2753278252","https://openalex.org/W2754884286","https://openalex.org/W2888136800","https://openalex.org/W2889337219","https://openalex.org/W2892341857","https://openalex.org/W2926323824","https://openalex.org/W2941263441","https://openalex.org/W2966111606","https://openalex.org/W2969634467","https://openalex.org/W2981679558","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W2997215379","https://openalex.org/W3003827451","https://openalex.org/W3014420450","https://openalex.org/W3031557067","https://openalex.org/W3081742252","https://openalex.org/W3092340577","https://openalex.org/W3111543942","https://openalex.org/W3135866782","https://openalex.org/W3138797422","https://openalex.org/W3190639623","https://openalex.org/W3193828926","https://openalex.org/W3195604317","https://openalex.org/W3202428668","https://openalex.org/W3213224786","https://openalex.org/W4200245370","https://openalex.org/W4224048112","https://openalex.org/W4280508953","https://openalex.org/W4281710349","https://openalex.org/W4288855525","https://openalex.org/W4288969674","https://openalex.org/W4293068850","https://openalex.org/W4293168492","https://openalex.org/W4318484896","https://openalex.org/W4360980173","https://openalex.org/W4366091323","https://openalex.org/W4377028758","https://openalex.org/W4383618746","https://openalex.org/W4388160883","https://openalex.org/W4388844150","https://openalex.org/W4389914465","https://openalex.org/W4390608768","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4395661216","https://openalex.org/W4396769967","https://openalex.org/W4399734362","https://openalex.org/W4399972218","https://openalex.org/W4401618043","https://openalex.org/W4401746775","https://openalex.org/W4402050856","https://openalex.org/W4402382732","https://openalex.org/W4404791414","https://openalex.org/W4407752109","https://openalex.org/W4409190110","https://openalex.org/W4409789553","https://openalex.org/W4409916854","https://openalex.org/W4411176744","https://openalex.org/W4412174249","https://openalex.org/W4417258578","https://openalex.org/W6967313955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411176744","https://openalex.org/W7160067813","https://openalex.org/W7153284126","https://openalex.org/W7215040575","https://openalex.org/W7140210147","https://openalex.org/W7147144460","https://openalex.org/W4403037155","https://openalex.org/W4409509792","https://openalex.org/W4385740151","https://openalex.org/W4317207759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Digital":[1],"competence":[2,30,53,102,117,155],"has":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5,23,197],"important":[6],"component":[7],"of":[8,37,45,62,68,219,235,258,300],"university":[9,56],"faculty":[10,57,92],"practice":[11],"across":[12,226],"teaching,":[13,104],"research,":[14,105],"outreach,":[15,106],"and":[16,32,40,64,107,118,123,193,216,239,266,280],"academic":[17,108],"management.":[18,109],"Explainable":[19,247],"machine":[20,72,204,248],"learning":[21,205,249],"provides":[22],"analytical":[24,136,281],"approach":[25,84],"for":[26,189],"classifying":[27,213],"self-reported":[28,51,115,220,259],"digital":[29,52,101,116,221,260,301],"levels":[31,54,125,218,257],"examining":[33],"the":[34,59,65,131,135,145,176,190,232,243,263,276,291],"relative":[35,142,233,288],"contribution":[36,234],"sociodemographic,":[38,236],"academic,":[39,237],"institutional":[41,240],"predictors.":[42],"The":[43,110],"objective":[44],"this":[46],"study":[47],"was":[48,85,112,159,172],"to":[49,179,242,254],"predict":[50],"among":[55],"at":[58],"Technical":[60],"University":[61,67],"Manab\u00ed":[63],"State":[66],"Milagro":[69],"using":[70,94,126,161,271],"explainable":[71],"learning.":[73],"Methods":[74],"A":[75],"quantitative,":[76],"non-experimental,":[77],"cross-sectional":[78],"design":[79],"with":[80,165],"a":[81,95],"predictive":[82],"classification":[83,244],"used.":[86],"Data":[87],"were":[88,187,269],"collected":[89],"from":[90,130,175,275],"315":[91],"members":[93],"300-item":[96],"Likert-type":[97],"self-report":[98,147,278],"questionnaire":[99,132],"covering":[100],"in":[103,212],"outcome":[111],"operationalized":[113],"as":[114,287,296],"categorized":[119],"into":[120],"low,":[121,214,264],"medium,":[122,215,265],"high":[124,208,217,267],"percentile":[127,272],"thresholds":[128,273],"estimated":[129],"scores":[133],"within":[134,144,290],"sample.":[137],"These":[138],"categories":[139,268],"therefore":[140],"represent":[141],"positions":[143],"observed":[146,292],"distribution":[148,293],"rather":[149,294],"than":[150,295],"externally":[151,297],"validated":[152,298],"or":[153],"performance-based":[154],"standards.":[156],"Predictive":[157],"performance":[158,211,224],"evaluated":[160],"stratified":[162],"10-fold":[163],"cross-validation,":[164],"each":[166],"observation":[167],"predicted":[168],"only":[169],"when":[170],"it":[171],"held":[173],"out":[174],"fold":[177],"used":[178,188],"fit":[180],"that":[181],"model.":[182],"Results":[183],"Pooled":[184],"out-of-fold":[185],"predictions":[186],"confusion":[191],"matrices":[192],"do":[194],"not":[195],"constitute":[196],"independent":[198],"external":[199],"test":[200],"set.":[201],"Several":[202],"supervised":[203],"algorithms":[206],"demonstrated":[207],"internal":[209],"discriminative":[210],"competence.":[222,261,302],"Model":[223],"varied":[225],"algorithms,":[227],"while":[228],"explainability":[229],"analyses":[230],"identified":[231],"professional,":[238],"predictors":[241],"outcome.":[245],"Conclusions":[246],"showed":[250],"substantial":[251],"within-sample":[252],"capacity":[253],"classify":[255],"questionnaire-derived":[256],"Because":[262],"defined":[270],"derived":[274],"same":[277],"instrument":[279],"sample,":[282],"they":[283],"should":[284],"be":[285],"interpreted":[286],"classifications":[289],"standards":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}