{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225236961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","title":"Heat on the Walked Path: Thermal Exposure, Urban Form and Vulnerability Within the Fifteen-Minute-City Paradigm in Metropolitan Barcelona","display_name":"Heat on the Walked Path: Thermal Exposure, Urban Form and Vulnerability Within the Fifteen-Minute-City Paradigm in Metropolitan Barcelona","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225236961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/land15112109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738397068","display_name":"Land","issn_l":"2073-445X","issn":["2073-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Land","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085703161","display_name":"Adolfo Sotoca Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-0988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-0988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adolf Sotoca","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-0988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059246517","display_name":"Madalen Gonz\u00e1lez Bereziartua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4245-8848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4245-8848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madalen Gonzalez Bereziartua","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4245-8848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160571125","display_name":"Carolina Fiallo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Fiallo","raw_affiliation_strings":["C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"C\u00e0tedra RUMB, Department of Urbanism, Territory and Landscapec, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-UPC_BarcelonaTECH, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, 08173 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085703161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75491166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"2109","last_page":"2109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-heat","display_name":"urban heat","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exposure","display_name":"heat exposure","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-waves","display_name":"heat waves","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-morphology","display_name":"urban morphology","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walkability","display_name":"walkability","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-temperature","display_name":"surface temperature","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-microclimate","display_name":"urban microclimate","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-greenness","display_name":"vegetation greenness","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"NDVI","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-vulnerability","display_name":"urban vulnerability","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/santa-coloma-de-gramenet","display_name":"Santa Coloma de Gramenet","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barcelona","display_name":"Barcelona","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-adaptation","display_name":"heat adaptation","score":0.652999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.8101000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.524399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132829578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581151","display_name":"Situated","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776687071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265193","display_name":"Destinations","level":3,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187029079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958679","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21435255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5636875","display_name":"Habitability","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989386686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal sensation","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158049464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075337","display_name":"Urban climate","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/land15112109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738397068","display_name":"Land","issn_l":"2073-445X","issn":["2073-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Land","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/land15112109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/land15112109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738397068","display_name":"Land","issn_l":"2073-445X","issn":["2073-445X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Land","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214895097","https://openalex.org/W7202385150","https://openalex.org/W7163405549","https://openalex.org/W7203763217","https://openalex.org/W2949520231","https://openalex.org/W4401424693","https://openalex.org/W7160898093","https://openalex.org/W4383312450","https://openalex.org/W3128936126","https://openalex.org/W7222090180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"fifteen-minute":[1],"city":[2],"is":[3,41,183],"commonly":[4],"based":[5],"on":[6],"strategies":[7,25],"that":[8],"aim":[9],"to":[10,27,148],"keep":[11],"daily":[12],"destinations":[13],"within":[14],"walking":[15,46],"distance.":[16],"However,":[17],"thermal":[18,137,188],"conditions":[19],"are":[20],"rarely":[21],"considered,":[22],"and":[23,52,87,112,129,177,198,207],"these":[24],"fail":[26],"deliver":[28],"in":[29,70,140,166,223],"dense,":[30],"vulnerable":[31,85],"neighbourhoods":[32],"during":[33,93],"heatwaves.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36,76,212],"examines":[37],"whether":[38],"pedestrian":[39,187],"proximity":[40],"thermally":[42],"habitable":[43],"at":[44,60,109],"a":[45,103,106,117,167,173,215],"scale.":[47],"We":[48,121,209],"measured":[49],"air,":[50],"shaded-surface,":[51],"sunlit-surface":[53,144],"temperatures,":[54],"as":[55,57,79,102,214],"well":[56],"relative":[58],"humidity,":[59],"different":[61],"times":[62,150],"of":[63,81,225],"the":[64,88,94,110,124,211],"day":[65],"along":[66],"two":[67,147],"everyday":[68],"itineraries":[69],"Santa":[71],"Coloma":[72],"de":[73],"Gramenet.":[74],"area":[77,213],"stands":[78],"one":[80],"metropolitan":[82],"Barcelona\u2019s":[83],"most":[84,178],"municipalities,":[86],"field":[89],"campaign":[90],"took":[91],"place":[92],"July":[95],"2026":[96],"heatwave.":[97],"Each":[98],"reading":[99],"was":[100],"expressed":[101],"differential":[104],"from":[105,186,194],"simultaneous":[107],"reference":[108],"origin,":[111],"points":[113],"were":[114],"classified":[115],"through":[116],"Thermal":[118],"Load":[119],"Index.":[120],"then":[122],"compared":[123],"registered":[125],"data":[126],"with":[127],"plan-view":[128,180],"satellite":[130],"images,":[131],"yielding":[132],"four":[133],"main":[134],"findings.":[135],"First,":[136],"contrast":[138],"lives":[139],"surfaces,":[141],"not":[142],"air:":[143],"temperature":[145,154],"varies":[146],"three":[149],"more":[151],"than":[152,172],"air":[153],"(as":[155],"expected),":[156],"so":[157],"air-based":[158],"metrics":[159],"under-represent":[160],"lived":[161],"exposure.":[162],"Second,":[163],"extremity":[164],"concentrates":[165],"few":[168],"discrete":[169],"micro-sites":[170],"rather":[171],"smooth":[174],"gradient.":[175],"Third,":[176],"consequentially,":[179],"greenness":[181],"(NDVI)":[182],"largely":[184],"decoupled":[185],"exposure;":[189],"cool":[190],"shelters":[191],"instead":[192],"arise":[193],"urban":[195,217,227],"morphology\u2014enclosure,":[196],"orientation,":[197],"ventilation\u2014often":[199],"without":[200],"vegetation.":[201],"Fourth,":[202],"exposure":[203],"reverses":[204],"between":[205],"morning":[206],"evening.":[208],"read":[210],"situated":[216],"microclimate,":[218],"reframing":[219],"green-centred":[220],"heat":[221],"adaptation":[222],"terms":[224],"walkable":[226],"form.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}