{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225234597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","title":"Smart Contracts in Agribusiness: Transforming Transactions, Procurement and Value-Chain Governance","display_name":"Smart Contracts in Agribusiness: Transforming Transactions, Procurement and Value-Chain Governance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225234597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110360983","display_name":"Sanjiv Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261880","display_name":"Jagannath University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/002q7jf46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjiv Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160370642","display_name":"Shweta Bhatia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261880","display_name":"Jagannath University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/002q7jf46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shweta Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Management Studies, Jagannath University, Jaipur- 302022, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Management Studies, Jagannath University, Jaipur- 302022, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004384831","display_name":"Harkesh Kumar Balai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-185X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-185X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261880","display_name":"Jagannath University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/002q7jf46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harkesh Kumar Balai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054539632","display_name":"Sarita Meena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261880","display_name":"Jagannath University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/002q7jf46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarita Meena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012240857","display_name":"Deen Dayal Bairwa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405261880","display_name":"Jagannath University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/002q7jf46","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deen Dayal Bairwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agriculture, Jagannath University, Jaipur-303901, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405261880"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90630688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"11","first_page":"124","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13475","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Law","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13010","display_name":"Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contracts","display_name":"smart contracts","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agribusiness","display_name":"agribusiness","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"blockchain","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-contracting","display_name":"agricultural contracting","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contract-farming","display_name":"contract farming","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-food-procurement","display_name":"public food procurement","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-chain-governance","display_name":"value chain governance","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-insurance","display_name":"agricultural insurance","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-payments","display_name":"automated payments","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-oracle-problem","display_name":"oracle problem","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-costs","display_name":"transaction costs","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-trust","display_name":"relational trust","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-exclusion","display_name":"digital exclusion","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispute-resolution","display_name":"dispute resolution","score":0.5}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129631789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334173","display_name":"Opportunism","level":2,"score":0.6438999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779143981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1445414","display_name":"Intermediation","level":2,"score":0.54830002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.5198000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4571000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137577040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431965","display_name":"Information asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153693270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194980","display_name":"Intangible good","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779721780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351085","display_name":"Dematerialization (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781415417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25304581","display_name":"Incomplete contracts","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177225278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192674","display_name":"Factoring","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/acri/2026/v26i112264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220150","display_name":"Archives of Current Research International","issn_l":"2454-7077","issn":["2454-7077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Current Research International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386835088","https://openalex.org/W7161474437","https://openalex.org/W7160192035","https://openalex.org/W4415523762","https://openalex.org/W7161487376","https://openalex.org/W4411907557","https://openalex.org/W4360602926","https://openalex.org/W6885163973","https://openalex.org/W7169702912","https://openalex.org/W4399203103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0,176,254],"contracts,":[1],"understood":[2],"as":[3,22,195],"computer":[4],"programs":[5],"that":[6,141,225,308],"execute":[7],"pre-agreed":[8],"terms":[9],"when":[10],"specified":[11],"conditions":[12,224],"are":[13,19,151,174,184,207],"recorded":[14],"on":[15,212,270],"a":[16,23,327],"shared":[17],"ledger,":[18],"frequently":[20],"presented":[21],"means":[24],"of":[25,77,83,228,245,291,315,321],"reducing":[26],"delay,":[27],"opportunism":[28],"and":[29,47,54,90,99,102,110,116,122,126,133,160,169,190,242,262,265,274,294,300,323],"intermediation":[30],"costs":[31],"in":[32,80,188,192,196],"agribusiness.":[33,229],"The":[34,138,230],"claim":[35],"is":[36,41,145,307],"attractive":[37],"because":[38],"agricultural":[39,136],"exchange":[40],"shaped":[42],"by":[43],"seasonal":[44],"production,":[45],"perishable":[46],"heterogeneous":[48],"products,":[49],"weather":[50],"risk,":[51],"delayed":[52],"payment":[53,198],"weak":[55],"contract":[56,94],"enforcement,":[57],"particularly":[58],"where":[59,181,209],"smallholders":[60,299],"supply":[61],"larger":[62],"buyers.":[63],"This":[64],"critical":[65],"narrative":[66],"review":[67],"examines":[68],"how":[69],"far":[70],"the":[71,75,142,243,276,319],"available":[72],"evidence":[73,143],"supports":[74],"use":[76],"smart":[78,309],"contracts":[79,177,255,310],"three":[81],"areas":[82],"agribusiness:":[84],"transactions,":[85],"including":[86,93],"payment,":[87],"settlement,":[88],"finance":[89],"insurance;":[91],"procurement,":[92],"farming,":[95],"public":[96],"food":[97],"procurement":[98,322],"certification-linked":[100],"sourcing;":[101],"value-chain":[103,324],"governance.":[104],"Peer-reviewed":[105],"literature":[106],"published":[107],"between":[108],"2015":[109],"2026":[111],"was":[112,127],"identified":[113],"through":[114],"multidisciplinary":[115],"discipline-specific":[117],"scholarly":[118],"databases,":[119],"citation":[120],"chasing":[121],"authoritative":[123],"institutional":[124],"sources,":[125],"appraised":[128],"for":[129,172,298],"design,":[130],"evidential":[131],"strength":[132],"relevance":[134],"to":[135],"contracting.":[137],"synthesis":[139],"indicates":[140],"base":[144],"large":[146],"but":[147,318],"shallow.":[148],"Most":[149],"studies":[150,290],"design":[152,246],"prototypes,":[153],"test-network":[154],"deployments,":[155],"simulation":[156],"or":[157,203,221],"game-theoretic":[158],"models":[159],"expert-ranking":[161],"exercises,":[162],"whereas":[163],"independent":[164],"field":[165,282],"evaluations,":[166],"cost":[167],"data":[168],"outcome":[170],"measures":[171],"farmers":[173],"scarce.":[175],"appear":[178],"most":[179],"defensible":[180],"contractual":[182,261],"contingencies":[183],"digitally":[185],"observable,":[186],"low":[187],"ambiguity":[189],"settled":[191],"digital":[193,240],"money,":[194],"automated":[197],"against":[199],"verified":[200],"delivery":[201],"events":[202],"index-triggered":[204],"insurance.":[205],"They":[206],"weakest":[208],"value":[210],"depends":[211],"contestable":[213],"quality":[214],"judgements,":[215],"physical":[216],"delivery,":[217],"renegotiation":[218],"after":[219],"shocks":[220],"relational":[222,263],"trust,":[223],"dominate":[226],"much":[227],"oracle":[231],"problem,":[232],"uncertain":[233],"legal":[234,302],"status,":[235],"code":[236],"rigidity,":[237],"interoperability":[238],"limits,":[239],"exclusion":[241],"concentration":[244],"authority":[247],"among":[248],"lead":[249],"firms":[250],"constrain":[251],"transformative":[252],"claims.":[253],"therefore":[256],"complement,":[257],"rather":[258,329],"than":[259,330],"replace,":[260],"governance,":[264],"their":[266],"distributional":[267],"effects":[268],"depend":[269],"who":[271],"writes,":[272],"controls":[273],"audits":[275],"code.":[277],"Priority":[278],"research":[279],"needs":[280],"include":[281],"trials":[283],"with":[284],"credible":[285],"comparison":[286],"groups,":[287],"transaction-cost":[288],"accounting,":[289],"dispute":[292],"resolution":[293],"renegotiation,":[295],"inclusion-sensitive":[296],"designs":[297],"comparative":[301],"analysis.":[303],"A":[304],"measured":[305],"conclusion":[306],"can":[311],"automate":[312],"well-specified":[313],"fragments":[314],"agribusiness":[316],"exchange,":[317],"transformation":[320],"governance":[325],"remains":[326],"hypothesis":[328],"an":[331],"established":[332],"outcome.":[333]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
