{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225232706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","title":"Multiscale LBM\u2013FVM simulation of cracked gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","display_name":"Multiscale LBM\u2013FVM simulation of cracked gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225232706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472600867X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898434319","display_name":"Energy Reports","issn_l":"2352-4847","issn":["2352-4847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472600867X/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104315284","display_name":"Khanh-Hoan Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khanh-Hoan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078434487","display_name":"Kyoungsik Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-100X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-100X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyoungsik Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-100X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004685687","display_name":"Sadia Siddiqa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-5921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8724-5921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadia Siddiqa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078434487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"],"apc_list":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"apc_paid":{"value":3040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3040},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74743159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"109898","last_page":"109898"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10311","display_name":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells","display_name":"proton exchange membrane fuel cells","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-diffusion-layer","display_name":"gas diffusion layer","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiscale-modeling","display_name":"multiscale modeling","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-boltzmann-method","display_name":"lattice Boltzmann method","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-volume-method","display_name":"finite volume method","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pore-scale-transport","display_name":"pore-scale transport","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cell-degradation","display_name":"fuel cell degradation","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-pressure","display_name":"operating pressure","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inlet-gas-velocity","display_name":"inlet gas velocity","score":0.9670000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.9125999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.833899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.8105000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89395315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181232","display_name":"Anode","level":3,"score":0.7982000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6581000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173938606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138138","display_name":"Gaseous diffusion","level":3,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21821499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1807064","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann methods","level":2,"score":0.5479000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992012372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412272","display_name":"Proton transport","level":3,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.36059999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92718894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679643","display_name":"Transport phenomena","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780302529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815127","display_name":"Membrane electrode assembly","level":4,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992163139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155930","display_name":"Water transport","level":3,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472600867X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898434319","display_name":"Energy Reports","issn_l":"2352-4847","issn":["2352-4847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109898","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248472600867X/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898434319","display_name":"Energy Reports","issn_l":"2352-4847","issn":["2352-4847"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9853000044822693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322724","display_name":"Ministry of Education, India","ror":"https://ror.org/048xjjh50"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330019","display_name":"Ulsan Metropolitan City","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhbx46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225232706.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225232706.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976169509","https://openalex.org/W2065850389","https://openalex.org/W2071530432","https://openalex.org/W2075705701","https://openalex.org/W2088154380","https://openalex.org/W2109977579","https://openalex.org/W2115374781","https://openalex.org/W2117242079","https://openalex.org/W2128928687","https://openalex.org/W2131603166","https://openalex.org/W2560774996","https://openalex.org/W2732436235","https://openalex.org/W2740019399","https://openalex.org/W2883873249","https://openalex.org/W2950473757","https://openalex.org/W3030255514","https://openalex.org/W3080957077","https://openalex.org/W3098348909","https://openalex.org/W3123628833","https://openalex.org/W3158251874","https://openalex.org/W3199633733","https://openalex.org/W4206579094","https://openalex.org/W4220791119","https://openalex.org/W4224258325","https://openalex.org/W4225928726","https://openalex.org/W4291002271","https://openalex.org/W4311499597","https://openalex.org/W4385967097","https://openalex.org/W4391756057","https://openalex.org/W4396528620","https://openalex.org/W4399114302","https://openalex.org/W4399802685","https://openalex.org/W4408803145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417250133","https://openalex.org/W2099463721","https://openalex.org/W4390822353","https://openalex.org/W4385967097","https://openalex.org/W2039444295","https://openalex.org/W3122651935","https://openalex.org/W3080957077","https://openalex.org/W3174660338","https://openalex.org/W7154988989","https://openalex.org/W4387048706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"coupled":[1],"three-dimensional":[2],"lattice":[3],"Boltzmann":[4],"method\u2013finite":[5],"volume":[6],"method":[7],"(LBM\u2013FVM)":[8],"framework":[9,168],"is":[10],"developed":[11],"to":[12,120],"bridge":[13],"pore-scale":[14,40],"transport":[15,28,181],"phenomena":[16],"with":[17,113],"full-cell":[18],"performance":[19,64,80,184],"in":[20,51,73,89,150,179,186],"proton":[21],"exchange":[22],"membrane":[23],"fuel":[24],"cells":[25],"(PEMFCs).":[26],"Microstructural":[27],"properties":[29],"of":[30,55,86,94,173],"pristine":[31],"and":[32,58,102,106,131,137,145,183],"cracked":[33],"gas":[34,108],"diffusion":[35],"layers":[36],"(GDLs),":[37],"obtained":[38],"from":[39,118],"LBM":[41],"simulations,":[42],"are":[43,65,110],"imported":[44],"into":[45],"a":[46,155,165],"continuum":[47],"PEMFC":[48,90,160],"model":[49],"implemented":[50],"OpenFOAM.":[52],"The":[53,67,92],"effects":[54],"anode-cracked,":[56],"cathode-cracked,":[57],"both-sides-cracked":[59],"GDL":[60,75,174],"configurations":[61],"on":[62,158],"cell":[63,143],"investigated.":[66],"results":[68],"show":[69],"that":[70],"cracks":[71],"appearing":[72],"cathode-side":[74],"induce":[76],"the":[77,83,87,127,171],"most":[78],"severe":[79],"degradation,":[81],"highlighting":[82],"dominant":[84],"role":[85,172],"cathode":[88,114,138],"operation.":[91],"influences":[93],"operating":[95,135],"pressure":[96],"(":[97],"1.0":[98,119],",":[99,101],"1.5":[100],"2.0":[103],"atm":[104],")":[105],"inlet":[107,115,129,139,152],"velocities":[109,116,140],"further":[111],"examined,":[112],"varied":[117],"9.0":[121],"m":[122],"/":[123],"s":[124],"while":[125],"fixing":[126],"anode":[128,151],"velocity,":[130],"vice":[132],"versa.":[133],"Higher":[134],"pressures":[136],"significantly":[141],"enhance":[142],"voltage":[144],"power":[146],"density,":[147],"whereas":[148],"variations":[149],"velocity":[153],"have":[154],"negligible":[156],"impact":[157],"overall":[159],"performance.":[161],"This":[162],"work":[163],"provides":[164],"multiscale":[166],"simulation":[167],"for":[169],"explaining":[170],"microstructure,":[175],"particularly":[176],"crack-induced":[177],"heterogeneity,":[178],"governing":[180],"behavior":[182],"degradation":[185],"PEMFCs.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}