{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225230720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","title":"Monte Carlo study of noise-induced phase angle errors in low-frequency tetrapolar bioimpedance measurements","display_name":"Monte Carlo study of noise-induced phase angle errors in low-frequency tetrapolar bioimpedance measurements","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225230720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42985651","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13734696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204205","display_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","issn_l":"1891-5469","issn":["1891-5469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314124","host_organization_name":"Oslo Bioimpedance Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314124"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oslo Bioimpedance Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042819228","display_name":"Jie Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-1395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-1395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053088170","display_name":"Sisay Mebre Abie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sisay Mebre Abie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159141397","display_name":"\u00d8rjan G. Martinsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281400175","display_name":"Oslo University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9c2840","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d8rjan G. Martinsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway","Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042819228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"apc_list":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"apc_paid":{"value":400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7340658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"178","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12279","display_name":"Body Composition Measurement Techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioimpedance","display_name":"bioimpedance","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-angle-measurement","display_name":"phase angle measurement","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-noise","display_name":"measurement noise","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-error","display_name":"phase error","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-sensitive-detection","display_name":"phase-sensitive detection","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-frequency-impedance","display_name":"low-frequency impedance","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-impedance","display_name":"tissue impedance","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation","display_name":"Monte Carlo simulation","score":0.6380000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.7396000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.6876999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.6646000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170222088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2059855","display_name":"Phase angle (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18747219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620994","display_name":"Standard error","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120934525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849149","display_name":"Absolute deviation","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100253034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Systematic error","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73782692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Random error","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51989270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623738","display_name":"Relative standard deviation","level":3,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018577593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Limits of agreement","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204205","display_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","issn_l":"1891-5469","issn":["1891-5469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314124","host_organization_name":"Oslo Bioimpedance Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314124"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oslo Bioimpedance Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13734696","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734696/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13734696/pdf/joeb-17-1-joeb-2026-0017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Electr Bioimpedance","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42985651","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42985651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of electrical bioimpedance","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017","pdf_url":"https://reference-global.com/download/article/10.2478/joeb-2026-0017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204205","display_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","issn_l":"1891-5469","issn":["1891-5469"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314124","host_organization_name":"Oslo Bioimpedance Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314124"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oslo Bioimpedance Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225230720.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225230720.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510433569","https://openalex.org/W2020120823","https://openalex.org/W2072602971","https://openalex.org/W2081435823","https://openalex.org/W2101550277","https://openalex.org/W2114509411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W55303570","https://openalex.org/W2141233530","https://openalex.org/W2004215152","https://openalex.org/W4410584084","https://openalex.org/W4405709127","https://openalex.org/W1969129814","https://openalex.org/W159198598","https://openalex.org/W4399669300","https://openalex.org/W1971688012","https://openalex.org/W2293203707"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Phase":[1],"angles":[2],"measured":[3,173],"at":[4,89,137,142,162,168],"low":[5],"frequencies":[6],"with":[7],"the":[8,51,55,70,83,100,114,128,146,159,172,176,184,205,213],"tetrapolar":[9,126],"technique":[10],"are":[11],"sometimes":[12],"scattered":[13],"or":[14,49],"even":[15,151],"positive.":[16],"We":[17],"used":[18],"Monte":[19],"Carlo":[20],"simulations":[21],"of":[22,46,54,69,99,183,189,202],"lock-in":[23],"detection":[24],"to":[25,60],"quantify":[26],"how":[27],"large":[28],"phase":[29,56,115,130,149,161,174,192,207],"errors":[30,71,131],"that":[31],"measurement":[32],"noise":[33],"alone":[34],"can":[35],"cause.":[36],"For":[37],"a":[38,118,190],"signal-to-noise":[39],"ratio":[40],"after":[41],"demodulation":[42],"(SNR":[43],"out":[44,65,80,91,110],")":[45],"about":[47,74],"3":[48],"higher,":[50],"standard":[52,85,215],"deviation":[53,86,135],"error":[57,84,154,214],"was":[58,87,95,150,155],"close":[59],"57\u00b0":[61],"divided":[62],"by":[63,104],"SNR":[64,79,90,109],",":[66],"and":[67,97,140,165,171,181],"95%":[68],"were":[72,102,132],"within":[73],"twice":[75],"this":[76],"value.":[77,121],"At":[78],"=":[81,92],"10":[82],"6\u00b0;":[88],"1":[93,138,163],"it":[94],"64\u00b0":[96],"16%":[98],"measurements":[101],"wrong":[103,177],"more":[105],"than":[106,200,210],"90\u00b0.":[107],"As":[108],"decreased":[111],"towards":[112],"zero,":[113],"gradually":[116],"approached":[117],"completely":[119],"random":[120],"In":[122],"an":[123],"illustrative":[124],"low-frequency":[125],"measurement,":[127],"absolute":[129],"small":[133,191],"(standard":[134],"0.007\u00b0":[136],"Hz":[139,164],"0.04\u00b0":[141],"0.1":[143,169],"Hz),":[144],"but":[145],"true":[147,160,206],"tissue":[148],"smaller.":[152],"The":[153,187],"therefore":[156],"1.2":[157],"times":[158,167,212],"37":[166],"Hz,":[170],"had":[175],"sign":[178,188],"in":[179,198],"20%":[180],"49%":[182],"measurements,":[185],"respectively.":[186],"angle":[193],"is":[194,208],"only":[195],"reliable":[196],"(wrong":[197],"less":[199],"1%":[201],"measurements)":[203],"when":[204],"larger":[209],"2.3":[211],"deviation.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}