{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225230372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","title":"How Do We Determine the Existence of Torture Today?","display_name":"How Do We Determine the Existence of Torture Today?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225230372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verfassungsblog","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067345328","display_name":"Claudia Marcela C\u00e1rdenas Aravena","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudia C\u00e1rdenas Aravena","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067345328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13076","display_name":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13076","display_name":"Torture, Ethics, and Law","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12332","display_name":"Comparative constitutional jurisprudence studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544040105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132781","display_name":"Torture","level":3,"score":0.9846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.5752999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.49129998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776240099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327018","display_name":"Interrogation","level":2,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verfassungsblog","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59704/73656ac3decbc13f","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Verfassungsblog","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"key":[1],"question":[2],"in":[3,10,28,57],"the":[4,12,31,45,48,58,61,64,69,77],"legal":[5],"scholarship":[6],"on":[7],"torture":[8,72],"consists":[9],"setting":[11],"criteria":[13],"to":[14,38,50,76],"differentiate":[15],"it":[16],"from":[17],"other":[18],"cruel,":[19],"inhuman,":[20],"and":[21,54,81],"degrading":[22],"treatment.":[23],"This":[24],"blog":[25],"post":[26],"shows":[27],"which":[29],"ways":[30],"Inter-American":[32],"Human":[33],"Rights":[34],"System":[35],"can":[36],"contribute":[37],"answering":[39],"this":[40],"difficult":[41],"question.":[42],"One":[43],"is":[44,68],"idea":[46],"of":[47,60,63,71],"need":[49],"consider":[51],"both":[52],"\u201cendogenous\u201d":[53],"\u201cexogenous\u201d":[55],"factors":[56],"determination":[59],"gravity":[62],"suffering.":[65],"Another":[66],"one":[67],"understanding":[70],"as":[73],"something":[74],"linked":[75],"attacked":[78],"person\u2019s":[79],"personality":[80],"capacities.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-05T00:00:00"}
