{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225214630","doi":null,"title":"Populist Diplomacy and the Transition from Law-Making Treaties to Contractual Treaties","display_name":"Populist Diplomacy and the Transition from Law-Making Treaties to Contractual Treaties","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225214630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.openjournals.localhost:article/27759","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/view/27759","pdf_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/download/27759/29018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170465","display_name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","issn_l":"0927-460X","issn":["0927-460X","2053-5341"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2053-5341","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/download/27759/29018","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133723232","display_name":"Jiang He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He, Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongnan University of Economics and Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134333837","display_name":"Ayesha Youssuf Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4443-9439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4443-9439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158934434","display_name":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqxxq63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbasi, Ayesha Youssuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongnan University of Economics and Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158934434"],"apc_list":{"value":350,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":429},"apc_paid":{"value":350,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":429},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93784026,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.4934000074863434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.4934000074863434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.20399999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sovereignty","display_name":"sovereignty","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treaty-making","display_name":"treaty-making","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-institutions","display_name":"international institutions","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treaty-withdrawal","display_name":"treaty withdrawal","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-cooperation","display_name":"selective cooperation","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-nations-charter","display_name":"UN Charter","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-trade-organization","display_name":"World Trade Organization","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rome-statute","display_name":"Rome Statute","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-rights-regime","display_name":"human rights regime","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regimes","display_name":"environmental regimes","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-globalization","display_name":"economic globalization","score":0.7369999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557252395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889","display_name":"Diplomacy","level":3,"score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34355311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166542","display_name":"International relations","level":3,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780409804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621701","display_name":"Apprehension","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780597233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396568","display_name":"Deference","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186065","display_name":"Democratic deficit","level":4,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165341840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624078","display_name":"Sovereign state","level":4,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779848117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187201","display_name":"International arbitration","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.openjournals.localhost:article/27759","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/view/27759","pdf_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/download/27759/29018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170465","display_name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","issn_l":"0927-460X","issn":["0927-460X","2053-5341"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2053-5341","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.www.openjournals.localhost:article/27759","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/view/27759","pdf_url":"https://utrechtjournal.org/article/download/27759/29018","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170465","display_name":"Utrecht Journal of International and European Law","issn_l":"0927-460X","issn":["0927-460X","2053-5341"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2053-5341","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225214630.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225214630.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164259434","https://openalex.org/W4407772975","https://openalex.org/W3112198722","https://openalex.org/W3123433775","https://openalex.org/W4406992690","https://openalex.org/W7163761265","https://openalex.org/W6999546483","https://openalex.org/W6943798399","https://openalex.org/W4414841690","https://openalex.org/W6977524303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"growing":[1],"apprehension":[2],"towards":[3,205],"economic":[4],"globalisation,":[5],"international":[6,37,99,142,209,243],"institutions,":[7,100],"and":[8,36,56,76,81,105,132,174,233,238],"constraints":[9,40],"on":[10,41],"sovereign":[11],"political":[12,43],"authority":[13],"has":[14],"accompanied":[15],"the":[16,63,73,88,115,123,152,208,216,230,236],"rise":[17],"of":[18,52,117,136,154,157,165,199,235],"populist":[19,29,93,118,220],"diplomacy.":[20],"By":[21],"linking":[22],"domestic":[23],"anti-establishment":[24],"sentiment":[25],"with":[26,59,92],"sovereignty-centred":[27,139],"narratives,":[28],"diplomacy":[30,119,221],"often":[31],"frames":[32],"multilateral":[33],"legal":[34,89,128,143,210,244],"commitments":[35,245],"institutions":[38,237],"as":[39,134,159,193],"national":[42],"choice.":[44],"This":[45,84],"research":[46,149],"paper":[47,85,150,213],"examines":[48,151],"how":[49],"this":[50,146,148],"type":[51],"engagement":[53],"affects":[54],"treaty-making":[55],"institutional":[57],"structures,":[58],"particular":[60],"reference":[61],"to":[62,141,162,195,229],"United":[64],"Nations":[65],"(UN)":[66],"Charter,":[67],"World":[68],"Trade":[69],"Organisation":[70],"(WTO)":[71],"agreements,":[72],"Rome":[74],"Statute,":[75],"other":[77],"major":[78],"human":[79],"rights":[80],"environmental":[82],"regimes.":[83],"argues":[86],"that":[87,168,182,190,215,241],"practices":[90,129],"associated":[91],"diplomacy,":[94],"which":[95,126],"include":[96],"contestation":[97,234],"against":[98],"selective":[101],"cooperation,":[102],"withdrawal":[103,224],"strategies":[104],"preferences":[106],"for":[107],"flexible":[108],"arrangements,":[109],"are":[110,130,185],"not":[111,181],"inherently":[112,186],"populist.":[113],"Instead,":[114],"significance":[116],"is":[120,180],"elucidated":[121],"by":[122,219],"way":[124],"in":[125,167],"these":[127],"configured":[131],"justified":[133],"part":[135],"a":[137],"broader":[138],"challenge":[140,217],"authority.":[144],"Against":[145],"backdrop,":[147],"appeal":[153],"contractual":[155,183],"forms":[156,164,198],"cooperation":[158,200],"an":[160],"alternative":[161],"institutionalised":[163,197],"cooperation;":[166],"states":[169],"retain":[170],"greater":[171],"control,":[172],"flexibility,":[173],"reversibility.":[175],"The":[176,212],"argument":[177],"put":[178],"forward":[179],"arrangements":[184],"populist,":[187],"but":[188],"rather":[189],"their":[191,246],"use":[192],"alternatives":[194],"more":[196],"may":[201],"reinforce":[202],"existing":[203],"pressures":[204],"fragmentation":[206],"within":[207],"order.":[211],"concludes":[214],"posed":[218],"goes":[222],"beyond":[223],"from":[225],"formal":[226],"treaties;":[227],"contributing":[228],"gradual":[231],"weakening":[232],"interpretive":[239],"processes":[240],"give":[242],"practical":[247],"effect.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}