{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225213288","doi":null,"title":"The role of L1 typology and L2 proficiency in null subject transfer","display_name":"The role of L1 typology and L2 proficiency in null subject transfer","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225213288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892/files/rw6634405v","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hyrax Deposit","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892/files/rw6634405v","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160504207","display_name":"J Smallwood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Smallwood, J","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160504207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9014000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.04560000076889992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13538","display_name":"Linguistics and Language Analysis","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null-subject-languages","display_name":"null subject languages","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-language-proficiency","display_name":"second language proficiency","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-transfer","display_name":"language transfer","score":0.3140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2764733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631398","display_name":"Subject pronoun","level":3,"score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.7448999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778551981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36224","display_name":"Pronoun","level":2,"score":0.724399983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24184978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468801","display_name":"Personal pronoun","level":2,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99361443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075064","display_name":"Object pronoun","level":3,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779525943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187300","display_name":"Grammaticality","level":3,"score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116081451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501364","display_name":"Language transfer","level":4,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170350167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455178","display_name":"Second-language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59650362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304610","display_name":"Interrogative word","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150104678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953129","display_name":"Reflexive pronoun","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987567764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125421","display_name":"Second language","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829903","display_name":"Agreement","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153578388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351625","display_name":"Theoretical linguistics","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892/files/rw6634405v","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hyrax Deposit","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:a52bde0c-8165-4c0b-aff9-17f35b5cf38e","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a52bde0c-8165-4c0b-aff9-17f35b5cf38e/files/rz316q212w","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a52bde0c-8165-4c0b-aff9-17f35b5cf38e/files/rz316q212w","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hyrax Deposit","raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892","pdf_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57323661-1ae8-46ff-a889-57e8fc331892/files/rw6634405v","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hyrax Deposit","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225213288.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225213288.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120558550","https://openalex.org/W357195283","https://openalex.org/W1562760988","https://openalex.org/W1831953001","https://openalex.org/W1967799098","https://openalex.org/W1972453411","https://openalex.org/W1980114642","https://openalex.org/W2017767744","https://openalex.org/W2019900286","https://openalex.org/W2039322291","https://openalex.org/W2048294384","https://openalex.org/W2062405999","https://openalex.org/W2081465358","https://openalex.org/W2086263385","https://openalex.org/W2093098499","https://openalex.org/W2102706150","https://openalex.org/W2120409145","https://openalex.org/W2121884006","https://openalex.org/W2142522321","https://openalex.org/W2143436733","https://openalex.org/W2157200874","https://openalex.org/W2314667874","https://openalex.org/W2315857167","https://openalex.org/W2321451438","https://openalex.org/W2782368905","https://openalex.org/W2786447666","https://openalex.org/W2901593227","https://openalex.org/W2990735633","https://openalex.org/W3040853565","https://openalex.org/W3122091067","https://openalex.org/W4229766132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170526612","https://openalex.org/W2588665490","https://openalex.org/W6991442091","https://openalex.org/W7216474124","https://openalex.org/W2990779747","https://openalex.org/W1820849286","https://openalex.org/W1867698237","https://openalex.org/W2020263609","https://openalex.org/W2481253072","https://openalex.org/W2525241211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,124,201,284,475],"dissertation":[1],"is":[2,20,61,69,81,147,154,233,338,493],"a":[3,33,52,62,66,276,288,342,400,454],"large-scale":[4],"investigation":[5],"on":[6,247,252,449,478],"the":[7,78,110,118,172,187,212,234,245,270,392,412,417,428,436,468,479,502,507,516],"omission":[8],"of":[9,14,77,109,139,174,185,189,198,244,255,261,282,328,345,360,470,481,509],"subject":[10,67,88,160],"pronouns":[11,23,98,208,390],"by":[12,378],"learners":[13,92,204,260,294,304,355,496],"null-subject":[15,18,140,150,220,336,450],"languages.":[16],"A":[17,372],"language":[19,64,101,190,222,491],"one":[21,137],"where":[22],"are":[24,93,134,145,192,205,442,518],"either":[25],"optional":[26],"or":[27,258],"unnecessary":[28],"to":[29,32,82,96,121,274,411,444,512],"make":[30],"reference":[31],"primary":[34],"subject.":[35],"In":[36],"these":[37,248,514],"languages,":[38],"(which":[39],"includes,":[40],"Spanish,":[41],"Italian,":[42],"Arabic,":[43,307],"Mandarin":[44],"Chinese,":[45],"Russian,":[46],"Swahili,":[47],"and":[48,65,171,278,311,316,324,330,352,495],"many":[49],"others)":[50],"dropping":[51],"pronoun":[53,68,322,407,423],"does":[54],"not":[55,348,388],"result":[56],"in":[57,72,87,99,117,148,209,218,237,321,370,376,406,422,446,458,473,484,506],"ambiguity.":[58],"However,":[59,505],"English":[60,103],"non-null-subject":[63],"always":[70],"required":[71],"referring":[73],"expressions.":[74],"The":[75,105,178,242,326,460,486],"aim":[76],"present":[79,111],"study":[80,112],"determine":[83],"if":[84],"this":[85,299],"difference":[86],"parameters":[89],"means":[90],"that":[91,132,183,203,335,426,465,490],"more":[94,127,135,455],"prone":[95],"omit":[97,389],"second":[100],"(L2)":[102],"production.":[104,241],"first":[106,221],"research":[107,175,246],"question":[108,125,176,225],"asks,":[113],"\u2018do":[114],"null":[115,143,159],"subjects":[116,144],"L1":[119,256,306,308,312,350,353,365,466],"transfer":[120,191,337,451,500],"L2":[122,199,210,239],"English?\u2019":[123],"becomes":[126,167],"complex":[128],"when":[129],"we":[130],"consider":[131],"there":[133,398],"than":[136,231],"type":[138],"language.":[141],"How":[142],"licensed":[146],"\u2018canonical\u2019":[149],"languages":[151,161],"like":[152,162],"Spanish":[153,257],"quite":[155],"different":[156],"from":[157,269,292,303],"\u2018radical\u2019":[158],"Japanese.":[163],"Typological":[164],"classification,":[165],"then,":[166],"an":[168,404],"additional":[169],"consideration":[170],"basis":[173],"two.":[177],"literature":[179],"has":[180,250,476],"suggested,":[181],"however,":[182],"regardless":[184],"L1,":[186,232,346],"effects":[188],"still":[193,206],"persistent":[194],"at":[195,391,427,435,501],"advanced":[196,437],"levels":[197],"proficiency.":[200],"means,":[202],"omitting":[207],"English\u2014beyond":[211],"B2":[213],"level\u2014just":[214],"as":[215],"they":[216],"would":[217],"their":[219,319],"(L1).":[223],"Research":[224],"three":[226],"queries":[227],"whether":[228],"proficiency,":[229],"rather":[230],"key":[235],"factor":[236],"accurate":[238],"grammatical":[240],"majority":[243],"questions":[249],"focused":[251],"smaller-scale":[253],"studies":[254,448],"Italian":[259],"English.":[262],"To":[263],"address":[264],"this,":[265],"I":[266],"use":[267],"data":[268,462,487,511],"EFCAMDAT":[271],"learner":[272],"corpus":[273,285],"sample":[275],"large":[277],"typologically":[279],"diverse":[280],"set":[281],"learners.":[283],"contains":[286],"over":[287],"million":[289],"writing":[290,301],"samples":[291,302],"174,000":[293],"representing":[295],"198":[296],"nationalities.":[297],"For":[298],"study,":[300],"with":[305,499],"Chinese":[309,354],"(Mandarin),":[310],"Russian":[313],"were":[314],"selected":[315],"analysed":[317],"for":[318,382],"accuracy":[320,361,421],"production":[323,424],"omission.":[325],"results":[327,441],"chi-square":[329],"logistic":[331],"regression":[332],"analysis":[333],"indicate":[334],"limited.":[339],"There":[340],"was":[341,380,399],"clear":[343],"effect":[344],"but":[347,364],"typology.":[349],"Arabic":[351],"had":[356],"nearly":[357],"identical":[358],"rates":[359],"(p":[362],"<.001)":[363],"Russians":[366],"performed":[367],"far":[368],"worse":[369],"comparison.":[371],"quadratic":[373],"(U-shaped)":[374],"function":[375],"performance":[377],"proficiency":[379],"observed":[381],"all":[383],"L1s,":[384],"however.":[385],"Learners":[386],"did":[387],"elementary":[393],"(A1)":[394],"level.":[395,415,439],"By":[396,416],"A2,":[397],"downward":[401],"trend,":[402],"indicating":[403],"increase":[405],"omission,":[408],"which":[409,452],"continued":[410],"lower-intermediate":[413],"(B1)":[414],"upper-intermediate":[418],"(B2)":[419],"level,":[420,431],"matched":[425],"initial":[429],"A1":[430],"before":[432],"fully":[433],"resolving":[434],"(C1/C2)":[438],"These":[440],"contrary":[443],"those":[445],"previous":[447],"found":[453],"linear":[456],"pattern":[457],"accuracy.":[459],"empirical":[461],"provides":[463],"evidence":[464],"influences":[467],"acquisition":[469],"certain":[471,482],"features":[472,483],"L2.":[474],"implications":[477,517],"learnability":[480],"SLA.":[485],"also":[488],"suggests":[489],"development":[492],"non-linear,":[494],"may":[497],"struggle":[498],"A2/B1":[503],"threshold.":[504],"absence":[508],"experimental":[510],"support":[513],"findings,":[515],"tentative":[519],"pending":[520],"further":[521],"investigation.":[522]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}