{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225205268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","title":"Gratitude Interventions and Character Strength Development in Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis","display_name":"Gratitude Interventions and Character Strength Development in Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225205268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","pdf_url":"https://rabsel.pce.edu.bt/index.php/ra/article/download/60/43","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282822","display_name":"RABSEL","issn_l":"2077-4966","issn":["2077-4966","2957-8019"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I61702852","host_organization_name":"Royal University of Bhutan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61702852"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rabsel","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://rabsel.pce.edu.bt/index.php/ra/article/download/60/43","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078176006","display_name":"Pema Wangchuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-5615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-5615"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pema Wangchuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jigme Namgyel Engineering College, RUB"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jigme Namgyel Engineering College, RUB","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018996766","display_name":"Ugyen Choden","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ugyen Choden","raw_affiliation_strings":["RUB"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RUB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71612903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10708","display_name":"Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12485","display_name":"Optimism, Hope, and Well-being","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gratitude-interventions","display_name":"gratitude interventions","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-strengths","display_name":"character strengths","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gratitude","display_name":"gratitude","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-psychology","display_name":"positive psychology","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-well-being","display_name":"psychological well-being","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-connection","display_name":"social connectedness","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-engagement","display_name":"academic engagement","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-motivation","display_name":"autonomous motivation","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-regulation","display_name":"emotion regulation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-context","display_name":"cultural context","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collectivism","display_name":"collectivism","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"debt","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"autonomy","score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education","display_name":"education","score":0.40400001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779930795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2728730","display_name":"Gratitude","level":2,"score":0.9577999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8313000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5493000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96420161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237789","display_name":"Collectivism","level":3,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12505134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718809","display_name":"Positive psychology","level":2,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201943243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551008","display_name":"Social connectedness","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162451180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4453370","display_name":"Grit","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776420229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7981051","display_name":"Well-being","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178233286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645999","display_name":"Social comparison theory","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14641543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q553270","display_name":"Group cohesiveness","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778319590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10981881","display_name":"Self-esteem","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","pdf_url":"https://rabsel.pce.edu.bt/index.php/ra/article/download/60/43","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282822","display_name":"RABSEL","issn_l":"2077-4966","issn":["2077-4966","2957-8019"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I61702852","host_organization_name":"Royal University of Bhutan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61702852"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rabsel","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17102/rabsel.26.11.260303","pdf_url":"https://rabsel.pce.edu.bt/index.php/ra/article/download/60/43","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387282822","display_name":"RABSEL","issn_l":"2077-4966","issn":["2077-4966","2957-8019"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I61702852","host_organization_name":"Royal University of Bhutan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61702852"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rabsel","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225205268.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225205268.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976439938","https://openalex.org/W1993805518","https://openalex.org/W2007445014","https://openalex.org/W2116855422","https://openalex.org/W2122517769","https://openalex.org/W2128842649","https://openalex.org/W2143180134","https://openalex.org/W2150606905","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2163383579","https://openalex.org/W2497917190","https://openalex.org/W2529439634","https://openalex.org/W3029121078","https://openalex.org/W4200404566","https://openalex.org/W4234193547","https://openalex.org/W4282983277","https://openalex.org/W4379229041","https://openalex.org/W4385468057","https://openalex.org/W4385984269","https://openalex.org/W4390007035","https://openalex.org/W4403486942","https://openalex.org/W4412110941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177435609","https://openalex.org/W2258284626","https://openalex.org/W7113183268","https://openalex.org/W6969202245","https://openalex.org/W4412110941","https://openalex.org/W6944063202","https://openalex.org/W2407648292","https://openalex.org/W4328124020","https://openalex.org/W2347827815","https://openalex.org/W4210405784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gratitude":[0],"has":[1],"emerged":[2],"as":[3],"an":[4],"important":[5],"character":[6],"strength":[7],"within":[8],"positive":[9],"psychology,":[10],"with":[11,24,117,128],"growing":[12],"applications":[13],"in":[14,22,58,71,131,166],"education.":[15,42,167],"This":[16],"systematic":[17],"review":[18],"and":[19,40,49,90,113,121,141,149,160,173,180],"meta-synthesis,":[20],"conducted":[21],"accordance":[23],"PRISMA":[25],"2020":[26],"guidelines,":[27],"synthesizes":[28],"evidence":[29],"from":[30],"24":[31],"empirical":[32],"studies":[33],"involving":[34],"14,285":[35],"participants":[36],"across":[37],"primary,":[38],"secondary,":[39],"tertiary":[41],"All":[43],"statistical":[44],"analyses,":[45,51],"including":[46],"meta-analytic":[47],"synthesis":[48],"moderator":[50],"were":[52,104,114],"performed":[53],"using":[54],"R":[55],"(version":[56],"4.3.2)":[57],"the":[59],"RStudio":[60],"environment.":[61],"Findings":[62],"indicate":[63],"that":[64],"structured":[65],"gratitude":[66,164],"interventions":[67,165],"produce":[68],"small-to-moderate":[69],"improvements":[70],"psychological":[72],"well-being":[73],"(g":[74,83,93,106],"=":[75,84,94,107],"0.34,":[76],"95%":[77,86,96,109],"CI":[78,87,97,110],"[0.26,":[79],"0.42]),":[80],"social":[81],"connectedness":[82],"0.31,":[85],"[0.22,":[88],"0.48]),":[89],"academic":[91,102],"engagement":[92],"0.25,":[95],"[0.16,":[98],"0.34]).":[99],"Effects":[100],"on":[101],"achievement":[103],"smaller":[105],"0.14,":[108],"[0.05,":[111],"0.25])":[112],"primarily":[115],"associated":[116],"increased":[118],"autonomous":[119],"motivation":[120],"emotional":[122],"regulation.":[123],"Cultural":[124],"context":[125],"moderated":[126],"outcomes,":[127],"weaker":[129],"effects":[130,179],"Eastern":[132],"collectivistic":[133],"settings,":[134],"partly":[135],"due":[136],"to":[137,163,176],"feelings":[138],"of":[139],"indebtedness":[140],"obligation.":[142],"Mandatory":[143],"implementation":[144],"also":[145],"reduced":[146],"intervention":[147],"effectiveness":[148],"could":[150],"negatively":[151],"affect":[152],"autonomy.":[153],"The":[154],"findings":[155],"support":[156],"autonomy-supportive,":[157],"culturally":[158],"responsive,":[159],"voluntary":[161],"approaches":[162],"Future":[168],"research":[169],"should":[170],"prioritise":[171],"longitudinal":[172],"cross-cultural":[174],"investigations":[175],"clarify":[177],"sustained":[178],"contextual":[181],"differences.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
