{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225200986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","title":"Police unit composition and extrajudicial killing complaints in Kenya: a difference-in-differences evaluation of ethnic-balance reforms and accountability outcomes","display_name":"Police unit composition and extrajudicial killing complaints in Kenya: a difference-in-differences evaluation of ethnic-balance reforms and accountability outcomes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225200986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23904732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160468272","display_name":"Fatuma Abdalla","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdalla, Fatuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160468272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93127058,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.7534000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.7534000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.1687999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extrajudicial-killings","display_name":"extrajudicial killings","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-accountability","display_name":"police accountability","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-demographics","display_name":"police demographics","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"statistical power","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-size","display_name":"cluster size","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-design","display_name":"evaluation design","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.8439000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5759000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104709138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671540","display_name":"Intraclass correlation","level":3,"score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43939998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4311000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.35760000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23904732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23904736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904736","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23904732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23904732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7225153252","https://openalex.org/W7225150996","https://openalex.org/W2096917546","https://openalex.org/W1561384209","https://openalex.org/W561048969","https://openalex.org/W1950542129","https://openalex.org/W6902830422","https://openalex.org/W2562996342","https://openalex.org/W2575118240","https://openalex.org/W2267229626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kenya's":[0,134],"ethnic-balance":[1,120],"reforms":[2],"to":[3,9,103],"police":[4,15,136],"unit":[5],"composition":[6],"were":[7],"intended":[8],"reduce":[10],"extrajudicial":[11,109],"killings":[12],"by":[13],"aligning":[14],"demographics":[16],"with":[17],"the":[18,22,26,42,45,49,119,157],"communities":[19],"they":[20],"serve.":[21],"present":[23],"analysis":[24],"evaluates":[25],"design":[27,79],"logic":[28],"of":[29,48,60,65,70,84,93,143],"that":[30,118,148],"reform":[31],"using":[32],"a":[33,53,105],"difference-in-differences":[34],"framework.":[35],"Because":[36],"no":[37],"observational":[38],"data":[39],"are":[40,101],"available,":[41],"study":[43],"characterises":[44],"operating":[46],"characteristics":[47],"before-after-control-impact":[50],"estimator":[51],"under":[52],"declared":[54],"variance":[55],"structure:":[56],"between-cluster":[57],"standard":[58,63],"deviation":[59,64],"6.0,":[61],"residual":[62],"4.5,":[66],"and":[67,88,90,96,154],"intraclass":[68],"correlation":[69],"0.64.":[71],"Power":[72],"was":[73],"estimated":[74],"across":[75],"2000":[76],"replications":[77],"per":[78],"cell":[80],"for":[81],"cluster":[82,129,158],"counts":[83,130],"8,":[85],"16,":[86],"24":[87],"32":[89],"effect":[91],"sizes":[92],"3,":[94],"5":[95],"8":[97],"percentage":[98],"points.54":[99],"clusters":[100],"required":[102],"detect":[104],"5-percentage-point":[106],"reduction":[107],"in":[108],"killing":[110],"complaints":[111],"at":[112,128,160],"80%":[113],"power.":[114],"The":[115,140],"results":[116],"indicate":[117],"reform's":[121,141],"accountability":[122,163],"mechanism":[123],"is":[124,145,152],"statistically":[125],"detectable":[126],"only":[127],"substantially":[131],"larger":[132],"than":[133],"current":[135],"divisional":[137],"structure":[138],"provides.":[139],"theory":[142],"change":[144],"plausible":[146],"but":[147],"its":[149],"evaluation":[150],"architecture":[151],"underpowered,":[153],"it":[155],"derives":[156],"thresholds":[159],"which":[161],"credible":[162],"claims":[164],"become":[165],"possible.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
