{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225200962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","title":"What My HRV Pipeline Got Wrong: Three Leakage Modes, Their Corrections, and an Honest Re-test of Damped-Oscillator ECG Features","display_name":"What My HRV Pipeline Got Wrong: Three Leakage Modes, Their Corrections, and an Honest Re-test of Damped-Oscillator ECG Features","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225200962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23896230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121086126","display_name":"Nicolas Brian Quiroz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quiroz, Nicolas Brian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8431-0048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121086126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.03929999843239784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.009700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"heart rate variability","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-leakage","display_name":"target leakage","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-leakage","display_name":"identity leakage","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-classification","display_name":"stress classification","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-risk-prediction","display_name":"cardiovascular risk prediction","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mit-bih-arrhythmia-database","display_name":"MIT-BIH arrhythmia database","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-features","display_name":"wavelet features","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.48330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147494362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078905","display_name":"Troubleshooting","level":2,"score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178518018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1024555","display_name":"CUSUM","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23896230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23896231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896231","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896231","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23896230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23896230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026891775","https://openalex.org/W4385576721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220700212","https://openalex.org/W1999171123","https://openalex.org/W7221195869","https://openalex.org/W7223909884","https://openalex.org/W2755015084","https://openalex.org/W2987301783","https://openalex.org/W4404964264","https://openalex.org/W2031993600","https://openalex.org/W2984739181","https://openalex.org/W2542777534"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0],"previously":[1],"reported":[2],"99.7%":[3],"accuracy":[4],"for":[5,17,100,159,164,186],"heart":[6],"rate":[7,149],"variability":[8],"(HRV)\u2013based":[9],"stress":[10,50,106],"classification":[11],"and":[12,15,23,68,70,162,176,190,201],"99.9%":[13],"sensitivity":[14],"specificity":[16],"cardiovascular":[18],"risk.":[19],"This":[20],"preprint":[21],"audits":[22],"corrects":[24],"those":[25],"results.":[26],"On":[27,85],"the":[28,87,90,93,104,113,125,135,145,151,160],"public":[29],"MIT-BIH":[30],"Arrhythmia":[31],"Database":[32],"(3,522":[33],"overlapping":[34],"3-minute":[35],"HRV":[36],"windows,":[37],"36":[38],"patients),":[39],"three":[40],"leakage":[41,48,60,72],"modes":[42],"each":[43,197],"produce":[44],"near-perfect":[45],"accuracy:":[46],"target":[47],"(a":[49],"label,":[51],"LF/HF":[52,94],"\u2265":[53,95],"1.5,":[54],"computed":[55],"from":[56,66,172],"an":[57],"input),":[58],"identity":[59],"(SDNN":[61],"excluded":[62],"but":[63,79,117],"exactly":[64],"recoverable":[65],"SD1":[67],"SD2),":[69],"evaluation-unit":[71],"(patient":[73],"sex":[74],"predicted":[75,109],"at":[76,110,118,144],"0.986":[77],"record-wise":[78],"0.633":[80],"with":[81,120],"patients":[82],"held":[83,122],"out).":[84],"SWELL-KW,":[86],"dataset":[88],"behind":[89],"original":[91],"claims,":[92],"1.5":[96],"label":[97],"is":[98,108],"true":[99,146],"100%":[101],"of":[102],"windows;":[103],"experimental":[105],"condition":[107],"1.000":[111],"on":[112,131],"released":[114],"train/test":[115],"files":[116],"0.471":[119],"participants":[121],"out,":[123],"below":[124],"0.558":[126],"majority":[127],"baseline.":[128],"Damped-oscillator":[129],"features":[130],"raw":[132],"ECG":[133],"beats,":[134],"one":[136],"component":[137],"that":[138,195],"appeared":[139],"to":[140],"work,":[141],"were":[142],"re-tested":[143],"360":[147],"Hz":[148],"under":[150],"standard":[152],"inter-patient":[153],"split:":[154],"macro-F1":[155],"0.673,":[156],"versus":[157],"0.671":[158],"baseline":[161],"0.672":[163],"a":[165,173,177,183,191],"wavelet":[166],"comparator.":[167],"The":[168,180],"earlier":[169,188],"gains":[170],"came":[171],"patient-overlapping":[174],"split":[175],"sampling-rate":[178],"error.":[179],"paper":[181],"provides":[182],"corrections":[184],"table":[185],"every":[187],"claim":[189],"seven-item":[192],"pre-publication":[193],"checklist":[194],"catches":[196],"failure.":[198],"Analysis":[199],"code":[200],"exact":[202],"outputs":[203],"are":[204],"included.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}