{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225199938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","title":"Differential expression of TIGIT and ICOS immune check points on lymphocytes in tissues of resected colorectal cancer compared with their counterparts in the peripheral blood and their relations to clinicopathologic characteristics","display_name":"Differential expression of TIGIT and ICOS immune check points on lymphocytes in tissues of resected colorectal cancer compared with their counterparts in the peripheral blood and their relations to clinicopathologic characteristics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225199938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11251993/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11251993/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046129840","display_name":"Asmaa Mohamed Zahran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-6388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-6388","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-4840"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asmaa M. Zahran","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003351132","display_name":"Amal Rayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-9177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5995-9177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amal Rayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of medicine, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of medicine, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070303833","display_name":"Mohamed Magdi Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3808-8912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3808-8912","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5681-0292"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ahmed Rizk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of medicine, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of medicine, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111125992","display_name":"Ibrahim M. Abdelaal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim M. Abdelaal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of medicine, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of medicine, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065230333","display_name":"Essam Eldeen M. O. Mahran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155039","display_name":"New Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/04349ry21","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155039"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Essam Eldeen M.O. Mahran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155039"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160541129","display_name":"Noha Abdel Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noha Abdel Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101702596","display_name":"Mohamed Farouk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-1567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-1567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155039","display_name":"New Valley University","ror":"https://ror.org/04349ry21","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155039"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Farouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, New Valley University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155039"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117644735","display_name":"Amira Gamal El Dein Badary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amira Gamal El Dein Badary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assiut University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assiut University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009070996","display_name":"Maged A.F. Amine","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maged A.F. Amine","raw_affiliation_strings":[", South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160454114","display_name":"Mohamed Galal Elnaggar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Galal Elnaggar","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110954310","display_name":"Salma G. Morsy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salma G. Morsy","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050223906","display_name":"Zeinab Albadry M. Zahran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91041137","display_name":"Assiut University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jaj8n65","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeinab Albadry M Zahran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of medicine, Assiut university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of medicine, Assiut university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91041137"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tigit","display_name":"TIGIT","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inducible-t-cell-costimulator","display_name":"ICOS","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-checkpoint","display_name":"immune checkpoint","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorectal-cancer","display_name":"colorectal cancer","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd4-t-cells","display_name":"CD4+ T cells","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd8-t-cells","display_name":"CD8+ T cells","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes","display_name":"tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peripheral-blood-lymphocytes","display_name":"peripheral blood lymphocytes","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/il-21","display_name":"IL-21","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinicopathological-features","display_name":"clinicopathological features","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779118045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21114021","display_name":"TIGIT","level":4,"score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.7415000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6302000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553184892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141429","display_name":"Flow cytometry","level":2,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127561419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224527","display_name":"Downregulation and upregulation","level":3,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526805850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188874","display_name":"Colorectal cancer","level":3,"score":0.5562000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114684123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419458","display_name":"CD3","level":4,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017910909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618363","display_name":"Peripheral blood","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154317977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266","display_name":"Cytotoxic T cell","level":3,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992881475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T lymphocyte","level":3,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46762472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178648","display_name":"Peripheral","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196166836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902926","display_name":"Immunophenotyping","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137061746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736033","display_name":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cell","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11251993/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11251993/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11251993/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225199938.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225199938.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871017309","https://openalex.org/W1941651450","https://openalex.org/W2042293669","https://openalex.org/W2046409157","https://openalex.org/W2081118119","https://openalex.org/W2095096783","https://openalex.org/W2133093811","https://openalex.org/W2153080167","https://openalex.org/W2157041114","https://openalex.org/W2338877604","https://openalex.org/W2345544817","https://openalex.org/W2521278016","https://openalex.org/W2534828940","https://openalex.org/W2535969070","https://openalex.org/W2560422080","https://openalex.org/W2732302187","https://openalex.org/W2794612508","https://openalex.org/W2803358834","https://openalex.org/W2883886890","https://openalex.org/W2890119752","https://openalex.org/W3015154527","https://openalex.org/W3025957888","https://openalex.org/W3039645032","https://openalex.org/W3132035386","https://openalex.org/W3155387234","https://openalex.org/W3180997484","https://openalex.org/W3214810715","https://openalex.org/W3216916776","https://openalex.org/W4292589990","https://openalex.org/W4307381352","https://openalex.org/W4315754639","https://openalex.org/W4323361852","https://openalex.org/W4386851430","https://openalex.org/W4388692094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2338877604","https://openalex.org/W4393005615","https://openalex.org/W4412899533","https://openalex.org/W7167715983","https://openalex.org/W3135806958","https://openalex.org/W4366814096","https://openalex.org/W4294343969","https://openalex.org/W3121662262","https://openalex.org/W2995708175","https://openalex.org/W3132035386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Purpose:":[1],"The":[2,106],"current":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,163,190,234],"carried":[6],"out":[7],"to":[8,30,149,174,226,262],"evaluate":[9],"the":[10,60,167,250],"expressions":[11,80,203],"of":[12,24,34,41,63,76,81,102,108,170,236,252],"ICOS":[13,84,130,137,177,200],"and":[14,21,46,66,78,83,89,134,158,182,201,216,265],"TIGIT,":[15],"on":[16,155,179,207],"T":[17,113,119,126,132,139,161,185,210,214,220],"cells":[18,140,162,186,221],"in":[19,59,85,144,166,187,193,196,222,229],"tissues":[20,101,147,224],"peripheral":[22,61,87,168,188,230],"blood":[23,62,88,169,189],"non-metastatic":[25],"CRC":[26,103,146,171,223],"patients,":[27,94],"correlating":[28],"them":[29],"different":[31,74],"clinicopathologic":[32],"characteristics":[33],"CRC.":[35],"Methods:":[36],"We":[37],"recruited":[38],"31":[39],"cases":[40],"de":[42],"novo":[43],"colorectal":[44],"carcinoma":[45],"25":[47],"healthy":[48,67],"controls":[49,68,194],"over":[50],"one":[51],"year.":[52],"Interleukin":[53],"21":[54],"(IL-21)":[55],"levels":[56],"were":[57,141,204],"measured":[58],"both":[64,86,199],"patients":[65,172],"using":[69],"ELISA.":[70],"Flow":[71],"cytometry":[72],"investigated":[73],"subsets":[75],"T-cell":[77],"their":[79,227],"TIGIT":[82,111,117,124,153,202,257],"malignant":[90,145],"tissue":[91],"samples":[92],"from":[93,98],"as":[95,97,256],"well":[96],"normal":[99,150],"colonic":[100],"patients.":[104,197],"Results:":[105],"percentages":[107],"CD4":[109,121,128,156,180,212,217],"+":[110,112,116,118,122,125,129,131,136,138,157,160,181,184,209,213,218],"cells,":[114,120,127,133,211,215],"CD8":[115,135,159,183,208],"CD8+":[123,219],"significantly":[142,164,191],"higher":[143,192],"compared":[148,173,225],"tissues.":[151],"Moreover,":[152],"expression":[154,178],"elevated":[165],"controls.":[175],"Conversely,":[176],"than":[195],"Additionally,":[198],"markedly":[205],"greater":[206],"counterparts":[228],"blood.":[231],"Conclusion:":[232],"There":[233],"upregulation":[235,251],"immunostimulatory":[237],"molecules":[238,254],"like":[239],"ICOS,":[240],"which":[241,259],"has":[242],"been":[243],"associated":[244],"with":[245],"a":[246],"favourable":[247],"prognosis.":[248],"However,":[249],"immunoinhibitory":[253],"such":[255],"predominates,":[258],"is":[260],"linked":[261],"disease":[263],"progression":[264],"metastasis.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
