{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225198161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","title":"Data Protection and Information Security in Prehospital Emergency Care: A Literature Review of GDPR and ISO 27001","display_name":"Data Protection and Information Security in Prehospital Emergency Care: A Literature Review of GDPR and ISO 27001","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225198161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","pdf_url":"https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.010465.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764638019","display_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","issn_l":"2574-1241","issn":["2574-1241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697582","host_organization_name":"Biomedical Research Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697582"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Biomedical Research Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.010465.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031958016","display_name":"Emmanouil Zoulias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-3267","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1953-3267"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmanouil Zoulias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031958016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90060358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14029","display_name":"Thoreau and American Literature","score":0.86080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14029","display_name":"Thoreau and American Literature","score":0.86080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.04470000043511391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.03460000082850456,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection","display_name":"data protection","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"information security","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prehospital-care","display_name":"prehospital care","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iso-iec-27001","display_name":"ISO/IEC 27001","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security-management","display_name":"information security management","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-data-privacy","display_name":"patient data privacy","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambulance-services","display_name":"ambulance services","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gdpr-compliance","display_name":"GDPR compliance","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-data-sharing","display_name":"health data sharing","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-health-records","display_name":"electronic health records","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-health","display_name":"mobile health","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-health","display_name":"digital health","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-services","display_name":"emergency medical services","score":0.49300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148976360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662500","display_name":"Information security management","level":5,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111153917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662500","display_name":"Information security management system","level":5,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47309137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7598357","display_name":"Standard of Good Practice","level":5,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545288138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447","display_name":"Emergency medical services","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994108469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medical care","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128487930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579488","display_name":"Information management","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180823521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662502","display_name":"Certified Information Security Manager","level":5,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","pdf_url":"https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.010465.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764638019","display_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","issn_l":"2574-1241","issn":["2574-1241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697582","host_organization_name":"Biomedical Research Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697582"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Biomedical Research Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26717/bjstr.2026.67.010465","pdf_url":"https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.010465.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764638019","display_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","issn_l":"2574-1241","issn":["2574-1241"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322697582","host_organization_name":"Biomedical Research Network","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322697582"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Biomedical Research Network"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225198161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225198161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3083457764","https://openalex.org/W7138193109","https://openalex.org/W7223718086","https://openalex.org/W4220655483","https://openalex.org/W7222964784","https://openalex.org/W3025326750","https://openalex.org/W3024396769","https://openalex.org/W7220413134","https://openalex.org/W7221322299","https://openalex.org/W2336851972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,18,218],"growing":[2],"digitalization":[3],"of":[4,14,115,174,276],"healthcare":[5,85,93,155,224,249,271],"has":[6],"intensified":[7],"the":[8,33,67,91,147,153,202,269,274],"collection,":[9],"processing,":[10],"storage,":[11],"and":[12,73,80,86,117,136,162,180,209,211,216,229,235,244,260,284,287,299],"transmission":[13],"sensitive":[15,58],"patient":[16,59,238],"information.":[17],"General":[19],"Data":[20],"Protection":[21],"Regulation":[22],"(GDPR)":[23],"establishes":[24],"a":[25,40],"regulatory":[26,232],"framework":[27,42],"for":[28,43,124,130],"personal":[29],"data":[30,137,190,258],"protection":[31,191,259],"within":[32],"European":[34],"Union,":[35],"while":[36],"ISO/IEC":[37],"27001":[38,75,215,246],"provides":[39],"structured":[41],"information":[44,55,134,195,261,281,302],"security":[45,196,262,282],"management.":[46],"These":[47],"requirements":[48,72],"are":[49],"particularly":[50],"relevant":[51],"to":[52,65,69,87,152],"healthcare,":[53,210],"where":[54],"systems":[56,303],"process":[57],"data.":[60],"Objective:":[61],"This":[62],"study":[63],"aimed":[64],"examine":[66],"extent":[68],"which":[70],"GDPR":[71,208,221,277],"ISO":[74,132,163,193,214,245],"principles":[76],"have":[77],"been":[78],"studied":[79],"applied":[81],"in":[82,101,197,223,248,263],"prehospital":[83,125,144,198,264,300],"emergency":[84,102,126,145,199,265,296],"identify":[88],"evidence":[89],"from":[90,159,166,268],"broader":[92,154],"sector":[94,272],"that":[95],"could":[96],"inform":[97],"their":[98],"future":[99],"implementation":[100,222,247],"medical":[103,297],"services.":[104],"Methods:":[105],"A":[106,172,252],"literature":[107,219],"review":[108],"was":[109,149],"conducted":[110],"using":[111],"PubMed,":[112],"Scopus,":[113],"Web":[114],"Science,":[116],"Google":[118],"Scholar.":[119],"Searches":[120],"initially":[121,178],"combined":[122],"terms":[123,129],"care":[127],"with":[128],"GDPR,":[131],"27001,":[133],"security,":[135],"safety.":[138],"Because":[139],"no":[140],"studies":[141],"specifically":[142,188],"addressed":[143,189],"setting,":[146],"search":[148],"subsequently":[150],"expanded":[151],"domain.":[156],"GDPR-related":[157],"publications":[158,165,182],"2016":[160],"onward":[161,168],"27001-related":[164],"2005":[167],"were":[169,177,183],"included.":[170,185],"Results:":[171],"total":[173],"1,115":[175],"records":[176],"identified,":[179],"53":[181,203],"ultimately":[184],"No":[186],"publication":[187],"or":[192],"27001-based":[194],"healthcare.":[200,217,266],"Of":[201],"included":[204],"studies,":[205],"45":[206],"concerned":[207,213],"eight":[212],"covered":[220],"organizations,":[225],"health":[226,242,301],"professionals\u2019":[227],"awareness":[228],"compliance,":[230,278],"national":[231],"implementation,":[233],"digital":[234],"mobile":[236],"health,":[237],"health-data":[239],"sharing,":[240],"electronic":[241],"records,":[243],"environments.":[250],"Conclusions:":[251],"clear":[253],"research":[254,292],"gap":[255],"exists":[256],"regarding":[257],"Evidence":[267],"wider":[270],"underscores":[273],"importance":[275],"staff":[279],"awareness,":[280],"management,":[283],"appropriate":[285],"technical":[286],"organizational":[288],"safeguards.":[289],"Further":[290],"empirical":[291],"on":[293],"ambulance":[294],"services,":[295],"personnel,":[298],"is":[304],"needed.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}