{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225197830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","title":"A Modeling-Based Predictive Regenerative Braking Strategy for a Parallel P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle","display_name":"A Modeling-Based Predictive Regenerative Braking Strategy for a Parallel P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225197830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/modelling7060240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205587","display_name":"Modelling\u2014International Open Access Journal of Modelling in Engineering Science","issn_l":"2673-3951","issn":["2673-3951"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053383011","display_name":"Dmytro Mironov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-4322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-4322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147056","display_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hmbf04","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dmytro Mironov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-4322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069441069","display_name":"\u041eleg Lyashuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-8568","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-8568"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147056","display_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hmbf04","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleg Lyashuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4881-8568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092599173","display_name":"Dmytro Tymoshchuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147056","display_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hmbf04","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmytro Tymoshchuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Information Systems and Software Engineering, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-2236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Information Systems and Software Engineering, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024893396","display_name":"Oleg Tson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-4697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-4697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147056","display_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hmbf04","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oleg Tson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering of Machines, Structures and Technologies, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015440460","display_name":"Dariusz Kozak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-4616","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-4616"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799788900","display_name":"University of Economics and Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/012a85e51","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799788900"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dariusz Kozak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Transport and Information Technology, WSEI University, 20-209 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Transport and Information Technology, WSEI University, 20-209 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799788900"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139139330","display_name":"Mariana Lyashuk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147056","display_name":"Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/045hmbf04","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}],"countries":["UA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Lyashuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Applied Information Technologies and Electrical Engineering, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Information Technologies and Electrical Engineering, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053383011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147056"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7492019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":"240","last_page":"240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-braking","display_name":"regenerative braking","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preview-control","display_name":"preview control","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-state-of-charge","display_name":"battery state of charge","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"fuel economy","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-recovery","display_name":"energy recovery","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ftp-75","display_name":"FTP-75","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wltp","display_name":"WLTP","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us06","display_name":"US06","score":0.8970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.7872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.7736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.7106999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192843390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176705","display_name":"Engine braking","level":3,"score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.6452000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158549904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155327","display_name":"Dynamic braking","level":3,"score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.445499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33107880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779780","display_name":"Retarder","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202208690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739519","display_name":"Electronic brakeforce distribution","level":4,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141675481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3588981","display_name":"Energy recovery","level":3,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105637607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Drivetrain","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77338312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3087415","display_name":"Threshold braking","level":3,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161521259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6926105","display_name":"Rollover (web design)","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516807790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172205157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1782962","display_name":"Model predictive control","level":3,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86155754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13636979","display_name":"Hybrid power","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107240024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184550","display_name":"Mechanical energy","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148381915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870020","display_name":"Automobile handling","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/modelling7060240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205587","display_name":"Modelling\u2014International Open Access Journal of Modelling in Engineering Science","issn_l":"2673-3951","issn":["2673-3951"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/modelling7060240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling7060240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205587","display_name":"Modelling\u2014International Open Access Journal of Modelling in Engineering Science","issn_l":"2673-3951","issn":["2673-3951"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Modelling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.46149998903274536}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3155430122","https://openalex.org/W3217675324","https://openalex.org/W4200297160","https://openalex.org/W4221051970","https://openalex.org/W4221135282","https://openalex.org/W4224287992","https://openalex.org/W4226153134","https://openalex.org/W4285122961","https://openalex.org/W4294864039","https://openalex.org/W4298128364","https://openalex.org/W4301373990","https://openalex.org/W4303983230","https://openalex.org/W4308330914","https://openalex.org/W4309701395","https://openalex.org/W4313411729","https://openalex.org/W4317756921","https://openalex.org/W4362452905","https://openalex.org/W4385367832","https://openalex.org/W4385879801","https://openalex.org/W4386834128","https://openalex.org/W4386933297","https://openalex.org/W4390005654","https://openalex.org/W4391915378","https://openalex.org/W4394707177","https://openalex.org/W4401075092","https://openalex.org/W4401455166","https://openalex.org/W4401536963","https://openalex.org/W4401732117","https://openalex.org/W4404875895","https://openalex.org/W4405987309","https://openalex.org/W4406672057","https://openalex.org/W4407757983","https://openalex.org/W4408061360","https://openalex.org/W4408174222","https://openalex.org/W4411613308","https://openalex.org/W7152669454","https://openalex.org/W7161153341","https://openalex.org/W7165628025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387111284","https://openalex.org/W2904558036","https://openalex.org/W2376316985","https://openalex.org/W2372582675","https://openalex.org/W2229118496","https://openalex.org/W2150027305","https://openalex.org/W3155697615","https://openalex.org/W2039358704","https://openalex.org/W4381154265","https://openalex.org/W2590821715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regenerative":[0],"braking":[1,58,105,122],"control":[2,201],"in":[3],"a":[4,32,37,45,170,209],"hybrid":[5,41],"electric":[6,42],"vehicle":[7,43],"must":[8],"be":[9],"evaluated":[10,73],"at":[11,146],"both":[12],"the":[13,52,61,120,128,134,147,152,176,180,188,193],"brake":[14],"and":[15,18,59,64,79,101,111,163,192],"powertrain":[16],"levels,":[17],"additional":[19,144],"recovered":[20],"energy":[21,96,106],"does":[22,206],"not":[23,207],"necessarily":[24],"imply":[25],"lower":[26],"fuel":[27,158,196],"consumption.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"examines":[31],"preview-aware":[33],"C3":[34,50,118],"controller":[35],"for":[36],"midsize":[38],"parallel":[39],"P2":[40],"against":[44],"causal,":[46],"state-of-power-constrained":[47],"C2":[48],"controller.":[49],"changes":[51],"desired":[53],"regenerative":[54],"torque":[55],"share":[56],"during":[57],"modifies":[60],"SOC":[62,138],"target":[63,139],"power":[65],"allocation":[66,136],"before":[67],"predicted":[68],"deceleration.":[69],"The":[70],"controllers":[71],"were":[72,160],"on":[74,119],"FTP-75,":[75],"WLTP":[76],"Class":[77],"3b":[78],"US06":[80,181],"using":[81],"100":[82],"matched":[83],"realizations":[84],"of":[85],"six":[86],"uncertain":[87],"factors":[88],"per":[89],"cycle":[90],"(300":[91],"C2\u2013C3":[92],"pairs).":[93],"Mean":[94],"battery-recovered":[95],"increased":[97],"by":[98,108],"1.751%,":[99],"1.420%":[100],"4.083%,":[102],"while":[103],"friction":[104],"decreased":[107],"5.100%,":[109],"4.393%":[110],"11.842%,":[112],"respectively.":[113],"All":[114],"300":[115],"pairs":[116],"favored":[117],"three":[121],"metrics.":[123],"Full-cycle":[124],"factorial":[125],"ablations":[126],"attributed":[127],"nominal":[129],"recovery":[130,145],"gain":[131],"primarily":[132],"to":[133],"braking-torque":[135],"channel.":[137],"preparation":[140],"alone":[141,205],"yielded":[142],"negligible":[143],"tested":[148],"initial":[149],"SOC.":[150],"With":[151],"stated":[153],"algebraic":[154],"terminal-SOC":[155],"correction,":[156],"mean":[157],"effects":[159],"\u22120.171%,":[161],"\u22120.439%":[162],"+0.118%,":[164],"respectively,":[165],"where":[166],"positive":[167],"values":[168],"indicate":[169],"reduction.":[171],"Direct":[172],"SOC-matched":[173],"checks":[174],"preserved":[175],"cycle-dependent":[177,195],"sign,":[178],"but":[179],"advantage":[182],"was":[183],"only":[184],"about":[185],"0.03\u20130.05%.":[186],"Thus,":[187],"robust":[189],"braking-energy":[190],"benefit":[191],"small,":[194],"response":[197],"arise":[198],"from":[199],"distinct":[200],"mechanisms.":[202],"Improved":[203],"recuperation":[204],"establish":[208],"fuel-economy":[210],"benefit.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
