{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225196769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","title":"Supporting young carers in military-connected and Veteran families: Adapting the YCare protocol to Hidden Helpers","display_name":"Supporting young carers in military-connected and Veteran families: Adapting the YCare protocol to Hidden Helpers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225196769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223982","display_name":"Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health","issn_l":"2368-7924","issn":["2368-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040707190","display_name":"Melinda S. Kavanaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7858-9909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7858-9909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melinda S. Kavanaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021704111","display_name":"Jayden Varline","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-6639","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1970-6639"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayden Varline","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Forensic Behavioral and Sciences Lab, Institute of Forensic Psychology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Forensic Behavioral and Sciences Lab, Institute of Forensic Psychology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101398190","display_name":"Paul Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-5387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-5387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul G. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Tyne, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Tyne, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160501919","display_name":"Leah Hellwege","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269617","display_name":"Elizabeth Dole Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04qwxxc07","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269617"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leah Hellwege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hidden Helpers Coalition, Elizabeth Dole Foundation, Washington, D.C., United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hidden Helpers Coalition, Elizabeth Dole Foundation, Washington, D.C., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269617"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160457580","display_name":"Lisell Pacheco","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405269617","display_name":"Elizabeth Dole Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04qwxxc07","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405269617"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisell Pacheco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hidden Helpers Coalition, Elizabeth Dole Foundation, Washington, D.C., United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hidden Helpers Coalition, Elizabeth Dole Foundation, Washington, D.C., United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405269617"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91650079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13574","display_name":"Family Support in Illness","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13574","display_name":"Family Support in Illness","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13111","display_name":"Nursing care and research","score":0.055799998342990875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12980","display_name":"Family Caregiving in Mental Illness","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-carers","display_name":"young carers","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterans-families","display_name":"veterans' families","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord-injury","display_name":"spinal cord injury","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caregiver-education","display_name":"caregiver education","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assistive-devices","display_name":"assistive devices","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-confidence","display_name":"youth confidence","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-isolation","display_name":"social isolation","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-adaptation","display_name":"program adaptation","score":0.6359999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5454999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778765","display_name":"Social isolation","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779951463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268788","display_name":"Quality of life (healthcare)","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018916638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752118","display_name":"Emotional support","level":3,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779017400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5433390","display_name":"Family support","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778900529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2827779","display_name":"Family caregivers","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223982","display_name":"Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health","issn_l":"2368-7924","issn":["2368-7924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1637491891","https://openalex.org/W1775606769","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1992508239","https://openalex.org/W2063290458","https://openalex.org/W2064544760","https://openalex.org/W2095284897","https://openalex.org/W2305918736","https://openalex.org/W2756961886","https://openalex.org/W2889315779","https://openalex.org/W2913969422","https://openalex.org/W3037532483","https://openalex.org/W3046936531","https://openalex.org/W3182404368","https://openalex.org/W3203885945","https://openalex.org/W4232313920","https://openalex.org/W4292806894","https://openalex.org/W4294983272","https://openalex.org/W4303614445","https://openalex.org/W4310481130","https://openalex.org/W4323664560","https://openalex.org/W4367174874","https://openalex.org/W4407030832","https://openalex.org/W4411197126","https://openalex.org/W4416959721"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046936531","https://openalex.org/W4405960956","https://openalex.org/W4387740276","https://openalex.org/W7203867654","https://openalex.org/W2768494516","https://openalex.org/W2607429096","https://openalex.org/W4416439078","https://openalex.org/W7062734521","https://openalex.org/W2132497173","https://openalex.org/W2222390575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Children":[1],"and":[2,54,66,70,98,117,120,135,166,184,189,208,236],"youth":[3],"aged":[4,148],"8":[5],"to":[6,44,61,83,125,150],"18":[7],"years":[8],"provide":[9],"hands-on,":[10],"often":[11,42],"daily":[12],"care":[13,128],"for":[14,78,217,241],"ill":[15],"or":[16,22,35,48],"injured":[17],"family":[18,24,178,243],"members,":[19],"including":[20,162,238],"military":[21,242],"Veteran":[23],"members":[25,179,244],"with":[26,57,180,191,245],"traumatic":[27],"brain":[28],"injury":[29,33],"(TBI),":[30],"spinal":[31],"cord":[32],"(SCI),":[34],"posttraumatic":[36],"stress":[37],"disorder":[38],"(PTSD).":[39],"These":[40],"youth,":[41],"referred":[43],"as":[45,214],"young":[46,85,212,231],"carers":[47,86,213],"Hidden":[49,215],"Helpers,":[50],"face":[51],"complex":[52],"challenges":[53],"social":[55,115],"isolation":[56],"few":[58],"interventions":[59],"designed":[60],"enhance":[62],"their":[63,68,177,187],"caregiving":[64,133,160,209],"knowledge":[65],"support":[67,84],"health":[69],"well-being.":[71],"This":[72],"study":[73],"provides":[74],"proof":[75],"of":[76,131,176,211,226],"concept":[77],"adapting":[79],"the":[80,154,198,206,223,227],"YCare":[81,92,141,200,228],"program":[82,142,201,229],"from":[87],"military-connected":[88,218],"families.":[89,219],"Methods:":[90],"The":[91,139,194,220],"modules":[93],"were":[94,123],"created":[95],"by":[96,101],"families":[97],"providers,":[99],"delivered":[100],"a":[102],"trained":[103],"interdisciplinary":[104],"team":[105],"that":[106,197],"included":[107,143],"physical":[108],"therapists,":[109,111,113],"occupational":[110],"massage":[112],"psychologists,":[114],"workers,":[116],"physiatrists.":[118],"Pre-":[119],"post-survey":[121],"data":[122],"gathered":[124],"measure":[126],"demographics,":[127],"tasks,":[129],"quality":[130],"life,":[132],"impact,":[134],"confidence":[136,172,207],"levels.":[137],"Results:":[138],"adapted":[140,199],"youths":[144],"(N":[145],"=":[146],"17)":[147],"10":[149],"17":[151],"years.":[152],"Following":[153],"program,":[155],"participants":[156],"reported":[157],"learning":[158],"new":[159],"skills,":[161],"managing":[163,174],"assistive":[164],"devices":[165],"emotional":[167],"needs,":[168],"specifically":[169],"identifying":[170],"increased":[171],"in":[173,204],"hyper-arousal":[175],"SCI/TBI":[181,246],"and/or":[182,247],"PTSD,":[183],"talking":[185],"about":[186],"feelings":[188],"relationships":[190],"peers.":[192],"Discussion:":[193],"findings":[195],"suggest":[196],"is":[202],"effective":[203],"enhancing":[205],"capacity":[210],"Helpers":[216],"results":[221],"demonstrate":[222],"broad":[224],"applicability":[225],"across":[230],"carer":[232],"populations,":[233],"both":[234],"civilian":[235],"military-connected,":[237],"those":[239],"caring":[240],"PTSD.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
