{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225196173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","title":"Comparative Effects of ZnO and TiO\u2082 Nanoparticles on the Electrical, Electro-Optical, and Sensing Properties of High-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals: A Critical Review","display_name":"Comparative Effects of ZnO and TiO\u2082 Nanoparticles on the Electrical, Electro-Optical, and Sensing Properties of High-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals: A Critical Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225196173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23909342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160433858","display_name":"K. V. S. N.  Raju","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I247375439","display_name":"Adikavi Nannaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/01se2zd78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I247375439"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. V. S. N.  Raju","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADIKAVI NANNAYA UNIVERSITY, RAJAMAHENDRAVARAM","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I247375439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160479492","display_name":"K.  Sivaram","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.  Sivaram","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160403166","display_name":"M. V. V. K Srinivasa Prasad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. V. V. K Srinivasa Prasad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160433317","display_name":"B. L. V Ramana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. L. V Ramana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160552076","display_name":"G.  Satyannarayana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.  Satyannarayana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135592941","display_name":"Shaik Salma Begum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7776-0001","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7776-0001"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaik Salma Begum","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64823715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11025","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc-oxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"zinc oxide nanoparticles","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"titanium dioxide nanoparticles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nematic-liquid-crystals","display_name":"nematic liquid crystals","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-birefringence-liquid-crystals","display_name":"high birefringence liquid crystals","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoparticle-doping","display_name":"nanoparticle doping","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-anisotropy","display_name":"dielectric anisotropy","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotational-viscosity","display_name":"rotational viscosity","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-voltage","display_name":"threshold voltage","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-parameter","display_name":"order parameter","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electro-optical-properties","display_name":"electro-optical properties","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-sensors","display_name":"optical sensors","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colloidal-suspensions","display_name":"colloidal suspensions","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-diagnostics","display_name":"biomedical diagnostics","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.7458000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777593239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521","display_name":"Titanium dioxide","level":2,"score":0.6132000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150493377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427863","display_name":"Transmittance","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149288129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185357","display_name":"Phase transition","level":2,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59789625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181780","display_name":"Colloid","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77017923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912313","display_name":"Optical microscope","level":3,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166524527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61670599","display_name":"Titanium oxide","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332084","display_name":"Spectrophotometry","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66075629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898426","display_name":"Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111643667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12046176","display_name":"Polarized light microscopy","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23909342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23909343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.23909342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23909342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954687153","https://openalex.org/W7152696041","https://openalex.org/W4382701081","https://openalex.org/W7134170871","https://openalex.org/W2890588734","https://openalex.org/W2559193303","https://openalex.org/W7211916326","https://openalex.org/W7129070710","https://openalex.org/W1984673610","https://openalex.org/W4412914462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"critical":[1],"review":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,29],"comprehensive":[5],"comparative":[6],"evaluation":[7],"of":[8,52,114],"zinc":[9],"oxide":[10],"(ZnO)":[11],"and":[12,48,54,68,77,94,97,106,130],"titanium":[13],"dioxide":[14],"(TiO\u2082)":[15],"nanoparticles":[16],"(NPs)":[17],"dispersed":[18],"within":[19],"modern":[20],"high-birefringence":[21],"(\u0394n)":[22],"nematic":[23],"liquid":[24],"crystal":[25],"(LC)":[26],"hosts,":[27],"marking":[28],"substantial":[30],"paradigm":[31],"shift":[32],"from":[33],"traditional":[34],"low-birefringence":[35],"matrices":[36],"like":[37],"EBCA.":[38],"We":[39],"evaluate":[40],"how":[41],"the":[42,59,111],"intrinsic":[43],"electronic":[44],"configuration,":[45],"spatial":[46],"morphology,":[47],"surface":[49],"charge":[50],"properties":[51],"ZnO":[53],"TiO\u2082":[55],"nano-dopants":[56],"differentially":[57],"modulate":[58],"host's":[60],"long-range":[61],"orientational":[62],"order,":[63],"dielectric":[64],"anisotropy,":[65],"rotational":[66],"viscosity,":[67],"threshold":[69],"voltages.":[70],"Crucially,":[71],"this":[72],"work":[73],"integrates":[74],"rigorous":[75],"multi-spectroscopic":[76],"optical":[78,128],"characterization":[79],"methodologies\u2014specifically":[80],"Fourier-Transform":[81],"Infrared":[82],"(FT-IR)":[83],"spectroscopy":[84],"for":[85,92,102],"order":[86],"parameter":[87],"determination,":[88],"Ultraviolet-Visible":[89],"(UV-Vis)":[90],"spectrophotometry":[91],"band-gap":[93],"transmittance":[95],"profiling,":[96],"Polarizing":[98],"Optical":[99],"Microscopy":[100],"(POM)":[101],"phase":[103],"transition":[104],"kinetics":[105],"texture":[107],"morphology":[108],"mapping.":[109],"Finally,":[110],"state-of-the-art":[112],"applications":[113],"these":[115],"hybrid":[116],"colloidal":[117],"suspensions":[118],"are":[119],"scrutinized":[120],"across":[121],"electrical":[122],"modulation,":[123],"advanced":[124],"electro-optical":[125],"shutters,":[126],"broadband":[127],"sensors,":[129],"emergent":[131],"biomedical/interfacial":[132],"diagnostic":[133],"platforms.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}