{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225195709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","title":"AI algorithms at the wheel: evaluating LLM responses to visual moral dilemmas in autonomous vehicles","display_name":"AI algorithms at the wheel: evaluating LLM responses to visual moral dilemmas in autonomous vehicles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225195709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042668","display_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","issn_l":"2997-4100","issn":["2997-4100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088155810","display_name":"Ghasim Nabizadehchianeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8854-7159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8854-7159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davin Nabizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Alabama"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8854-7159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012925706","display_name":"David Ian Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9703","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9703"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David I. Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Alabama"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042249984","display_name":"Hyemin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-2565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-2565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyemin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Alabama"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7181-2565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088155810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82046704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.23659999668598175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-dilemmas","display_name":"ethical dilemmas","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-machines","display_name":"moral machines","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trolley-problem","display_name":"trolley problem","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-decision-making","display_name":"algorithmic decision-making","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-comparison","display_name":"human-AI comparison","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-preferences","display_name":"moral preferences","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-or-death-decisions","display_name":"life-or-death decisions","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994541713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192568","display_name":"Moral dilemma","level":2,"score":0.5964000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5235000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778968369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5105328","display_name":"Chose","level":2,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.4674000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9158031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909140","display_name":"Moral reasoning","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57996006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6909105","display_name":"Moral disengagement","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780500402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13023682","display_name":"Non-human","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26918590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550991","display_name":"Social cognitive theory of morality","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042668","display_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","issn_l":"2997-4100","issn":["2997-4100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f15b988f44504ea0ac665db53fd83c59","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f15b988f44504ea0ac665db53fd83c59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI, Vol 2, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/29974100.2026.2739863?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042668","display_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","issn_l":"2997-4100","issn":["2997-4100"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Psychology and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225195709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225195709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031307582","https://openalex.org/W2072051148","https://openalex.org/W2133460105","https://openalex.org/W2203042989","https://openalex.org/W2466381818","https://openalex.org/W2504381649","https://openalex.org/W2591838022","https://openalex.org/W2756321254","https://openalex.org/W2759133817","https://openalex.org/W2769730572","https://openalex.org/W2790253980","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2909987994","https://openalex.org/W2931335038","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2968511602","https://openalex.org/W2983791272","https://openalex.org/W3007662835","https://openalex.org/W3155745143","https://openalex.org/W3160311615","https://openalex.org/W3190415286","https://openalex.org/W4200267584","https://openalex.org/W4221051759","https://openalex.org/W4301600676","https://openalex.org/W4311991106","https://openalex.org/W4321162379","https://openalex.org/W4360618294","https://openalex.org/W4382403830","https://openalex.org/W4384163184","https://openalex.org/W4391872826","https://openalex.org/W4393164363","https://openalex.org/W4400796789","https://openalex.org/W4401358983","https://openalex.org/W4403300865","https://openalex.org/W4409482369","https://openalex.org/W4409707351","https://openalex.org/W4409978432","https://openalex.org/W4410574007","https://openalex.org/W4410792834","https://openalex.org/W4411472395","https://openalex.org/W4412823155","https://openalex.org/W4416054073","https://openalex.org/W7151886180","https://openalex.org/W7163051680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409482369","https://openalex.org/W4391872826","https://openalex.org/W4410086804","https://openalex.org/W7026877693","https://openalex.org/W4410574007","https://openalex.org/W6989154016","https://openalex.org/W7167414344","https://openalex.org/W4415753479","https://openalex.org/W7111258162","https://openalex.org/W7151886180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"how":[3,28],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"respond":[8],"to":[9,33],"unavoidable":[10],"life-or-death":[11],"scenarios":[12,37],"involving":[13],"autonomous":[14],"vehicles":[15],"(AVs)":[16],"and":[17,38,60,92,103,175,189],"whether":[18],"their":[19,40],"moral":[20,159,178],"preferences":[21,179],"align":[22],"with":[23,42,65,146,187],"human":[24,45,66,163],"judgements.":[25],"We":[26],"evaluated":[27],"44":[29],"LLM":[30,50,126,140,155],"variants":[31],"responded":[32],"visual":[34],"Moral":[35],"Machine":[36],"compared":[39],"responses":[41,51,127,156],"those":[43],"of":[44,130],"participants":[46],"(n":[47],"=":[48,74,84,95,108],"135).":[49],"were":[52],"collected":[53],"across":[54,142,180],"three":[55],"conditions:":[56],"baseline,":[57],"unbiased":[58],"prompt,":[59],"character-based":[61],"intervention":[62],"conditions.":[63],"Compared":[64],"respondents,":[67],"LLMs":[68,110],"scored":[69],"lower":[70],"on":[71,105,128],"Law":[72],"(d":[73,83,94,107],"0.68;":[75],"humans":[76,86,97],"more":[77,87,98,111,118],"often":[78,88,99,112],"spared":[79,89,100],"lawful":[80],"pedestrians),":[81],"Age":[82],"0.49;":[85],"the":[90,114,131,143,147],"young),":[91],"Status":[93],"0.43;":[96],"high-status":[101],"individuals),":[102],"higher":[104],"Quantity":[106],"\u22120.38;":[109],"chose":[113],"option":[115],"that":[116],"saved":[117],"lives).":[119],"\u201cUnbiased\u201d":[120],"prompting":[121],"did":[122,136],"not":[123,137,191],"significantly":[124],"shift":[125,139],"any":[129],"nine":[132],"dimensions.":[133],"Character-based":[134],"interventions":[135],"substantially":[138],"behavior":[141],"measured":[144],"dimensions,":[145],"only":[148],"observed":[149],"change":[150],"occurring":[151],"in":[152,157,165,170,177],"Species":[153],"preferences.":[154],"AV":[158,197],"dilemmas":[160],"diverged":[161],"from":[162],"judgements":[164],"some":[166],"dimensions":[167],"while":[168],"converging":[169],"others,":[171],"suggesting":[172],"both":[173],"similarities":[174],"differences":[176],"groups.":[181],"These":[182],"patterns":[183],"should":[184,190],"be":[185,192],"interpreted":[186],"caution":[188],"considered":[193],"sufficient":[194],"evidence":[195],"for":[196],"programming":[198],"decisions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
