{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225195164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","title":"Tumor Immune Microenvironment Heterogeneity and Key Immunoregulatory Gene Expression in Lung Cancer","display_name":"Tumor Immune Microenvironment Heterogeneity and Key Immunoregulatory Gene Expression in Lung Cancer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225195164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42979143","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13728552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijog/8365959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230380","display_name":"International Journal of Genomics","issn_l":"2314-436X","issn":["2314-436X","2314-4378"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160515682","display_name":"Jianghua Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8722-403X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8722-403X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianghua Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8722-403X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160557169","display_name":"Xue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6596-0322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6596-0322"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6596-0322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160432998","display_name":"Rongwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8473-5136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8473-5136"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8473-5136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160514265","display_name":"Xiaolin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9249-6366","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9249-6366"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9249-6366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology People\u2032s Hospital of Chongqing Liangping District  Chongqing China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160514265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2380,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2380},"apc_paid":{"value":2380,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2380},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72212175,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2026","issue":"1","first_page":"8365959","last_page":"8365959"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11289","display_name":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics","score":0.4691999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11289","display_name":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics","score":0.4691999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.4530999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11313","display_name":"Immune cells in cancer","score":0.04170000180602074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-immune-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor immune microenvironment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-cell-heterogeneity","display_name":"immune cell heterogeneity","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunoregulatory-genes","display_name":"immunoregulatory genes","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isg15","display_name":"ISG15","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gitr","display_name":"GITR","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ox40","display_name":"OX40","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/osteopontin","display_name":"osteopontin","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrophages","display_name":"macrophages","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocytes","display_name":"monocytes","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mast-cells","display_name":"mast cells","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophils","display_name":"neutrophils","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercellular-communication","display_name":"intercellular communication","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudotime-trajectory","display_name":"pseudotime trajectory","score":0.8669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.5644999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.5110999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162317418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252857","display_name":"Transcriptome","level":4,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18431079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502169","display_name":"Gene expression profiling","level":4,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15635432","display_name":"Single-cell analysis","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165864922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411391","display_name":"Regulation of gene expression","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijog/8365959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230380","display_name":"International Journal of Genomics","issn_l":"2314-436X","issn":["2314-436X","2314-4378"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42979143","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42979143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of genomics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13728552","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13728552/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Genomics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1155/ijog/8365959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/ijog/8365959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230380","display_name":"International Journal of Genomics","issn_l":"2314-436X","issn":["2314-436X","2314-4378"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319869","host_organization_name":"Hindawi Publishing Corporation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319869","https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Hindawi Publishing Corporation","Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Genomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2509957998","https://openalex.org/W2800392236","https://openalex.org/W2808837841","https://openalex.org/W2865352686","https://openalex.org/W2897249806","https://openalex.org/W2936414047","https://openalex.org/W2949177718","https://openalex.org/W3078555423","https://openalex.org/W3189383967","https://openalex.org/W3204208409","https://openalex.org/W4280504638","https://openalex.org/W4365146816","https://openalex.org/W4377290391","https://openalex.org/W4381197760","https://openalex.org/W4391967991","https://openalex.org/W4393935425","https://openalex.org/W4396674061","https://openalex.org/W4409335715","https://openalex.org/W7118188821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041614402","https://openalex.org/W4414459887","https://openalex.org/W4306745054","https://openalex.org/W4384023419","https://openalex.org/W6903318523","https://openalex.org/W4388623907","https://openalex.org/W7203793235","https://openalex.org/W4365447915","https://openalex.org/W4411718877","https://openalex.org/W4394721567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"The":[1,33],"aim":[2],"of":[3,18,178,189,209],"this":[4,173],"study":[5],"is":[6,216],"to":[7],"characterize":[8],"the":[9,19,72,92,99,162,167,197],"cellular":[10],"heterogeneity":[11,195],"and":[12,50,78,88,113,117,140,153,158,201,205],"key":[13],"immunoregulatory":[14,211],"gene":[15],"expression":[16,101,122],"patterns":[17],"tumor":[20],"immune":[21,58,105,170,193],"microenvironment":[22,200],"(TIME)":[23],"in":[24,110,133,142,172,196],"lung":[25,198],"cancer":[26,199],"using":[27],"single\u2010cell":[28],"RNA":[29],"sequencing":[30],"(scRNA\u2010seq).":[31],"Methods":[32],"scRNA\u2010seq":[34],"dataset":[35],"GSM4453577":[36],"was":[37],"retrieved":[38],"from":[39,63],"NCBI":[40],"GEO.":[41],"Unsupervised":[42],"clustering,":[43],"cell\u2013cell":[44],"communication":[45],"analysis,":[46],"pseudotime":[47,126],"trajectory":[48],"reconstruction,":[49],"GO/KEGG":[51],"enrichment":[52],"analyses":[53],"were":[54,61,160],"performed.":[55],"Results":[56],"Seven":[57],"cell":[59,106,194],"types":[60,107],"annotated":[62],"223":[64,184],"single":[65,180],"cells":[66,112,135,144],"after":[67],"quality":[68],"control.":[69],"Macrophages":[70],"demonstrated":[71],"strongest":[73],"outgoing":[74],"intercellular":[75],"interaction":[76,84],"intensity":[77],"showed":[79,98],"relatively":[80],"high":[81],"SPP1\u2010associated":[82],"expression\u2010based":[83],"scores,":[85],"with":[86,130,166],"macrophages":[87],"monocytes":[89],"identified":[90,202],"as":[91,207],"dominant":[93],"SPP1":[94],"signal":[95],"sources.":[96],"ISG15":[97],"broadest":[100],"across":[102],"all":[103],"seven":[104],"(highest":[108],"z\u2010scores":[109],"stem\u2010like/mast":[111,134],"neutrophils),":[114],"whereas":[115],"TNFRSF18":[116,131],"TNFRSF4":[118,141,206],"exhibited":[119],"similar":[120],"descriptive":[121],"trends":[123],"during":[124],"intermediate":[125],"stages":[127],"(scaled":[128],"0\u20131),":[129],"enriched":[132],"(":[136,145],"z":[137,146],"=":[138,147],"1.93)":[139],"mast":[143],"2.22).":[148],"T":[149],"cell,":[150,152],"NK":[151],"Treg":[154],"markers":[155],"(CD3E,":[156],"NKG7,":[157],"FOXP3)":[159],"below":[161],"detection":[163],"threshold,":[164],"consistent":[165],"predominantly":[168],"myeloid/B\u2010lineage":[169,192],"infiltrate":[171],"sample.":[174],"Conclusion":[175],"ScRNA\u2010seq":[176],"analysis":[177],"a":[179],"GEO":[181],"sample":[182],"(GSM4453577;":[183],"cells;":[185],"PC1":[186],"explaining":[187],"5.3%":[188],"variance)":[190],"suggested":[191],"ISG15,":[203],"TNFRSF18,":[204],"candidates":[208],"potential":[210],"interest;":[212],"external":[213],"multisample":[214],"validation":[215],"required":[217],"before":[218],"generalizing":[219],"these":[220],"findings.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}