{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225195068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.03616","title":"Inhomogeneous Synthetic Fluxes in Optical Lattices","display_name":"Inhomogeneous Synthetic Fluxes in Optical Lattices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225195068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.03616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2611.03616","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.03616","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.03616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.03616","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111217548","display_name":"Soujanya Datta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16019930","display_name":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0491yz035","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200207707","display_name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3zr67","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Datta, Soujanya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847468","display_name":"Kush Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-8897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-8897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163389970","display_name":"National Institute of Science Education and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02r2k1c68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163389970","https://openalex.org/I200207707"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200207707","display_name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3zr67","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saha, Kush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","National Institute of Science Education and Research , Jatni , 752050 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Science Education and Research , Jatni , 752050 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163389970"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004093386","display_name":"Krishanu Roychowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0786-8139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0786-8139"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16019930","display_name":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0491yz035","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200207707","display_name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3zr67","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roychowdhury, Krishanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Anushakti Nagar , Mumbai 400094 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200207707"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , 1/AF Bidhannagar , Kolkata 700064 , India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16019930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.6133000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10657","display_name":"Topological Materials and Phenomena","score":0.1395999938249588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11262","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Non-Hermitian Physics","score":0.0940999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-gauge-fields","display_name":"synthetic gauge fields","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-lattices","display_name":"optical lattices","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wannier-stark-ladder","display_name":"Wannier-Stark ladder","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peierls-phase","display_name":"Peierls phase","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kagome-lattice","display_name":"kagome lattice","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hofstadter-spectrum","display_name":"Hofstadter spectrum","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flat-bands","display_name":"flat bands","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chiral-symmetry","display_name":"chiral symmetry","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-structure-factor","display_name":"dynamic structure factor","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bragg-scattering","display_name":"Bragg scattering","score":0.8669999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72319582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584304","display_name":"Degenerate energy levels","level":2,"score":0.5778999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777620828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7582067","display_name":"Square lattice","level":3,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157479481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177831","display_name":"Magnetic flux","level":3,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133978748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15955882","display_name":"Reflection symmetry","level":2,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779886137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21030012","display_name":"Symmetry (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197162081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3294789","display_name":"Magnetism","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120398109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175751","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173523689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215589","display_name":"Dipole","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60718061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121130766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192510","display_name":"Wavenumber","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96469262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324364","display_name":"Homogeneous space","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2611.03616","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.03616","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.03616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2611.03616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.03616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.03616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2611.03616","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.03616","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.03616","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306227","display_name":"Arthritis National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03abbex33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225195068.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225195068.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798835916","https://openalex.org/W2019557447","https://openalex.org/W4405981586","https://openalex.org/W2472743560","https://openalex.org/W2508087031","https://openalex.org/W2337348699","https://openalex.org/W2899234250","https://openalex.org/W1977779163","https://openalex.org/W4319438884","https://openalex.org/W2322479010"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"gauge":[1],"fields":[2],"in":[3],"optical":[4],"lattices":[5],"are":[6,167],"usually":[7],"engineered":[8],"to":[9,20,97],"realize":[10],"a":[11,18,40,69,81,102,176,198],"uniform":[12],"magnetic":[13],"flux.":[14],"Here,":[15],"we":[16],"propose":[17],"scheme":[19,96],"generate":[21],"spatially":[22],"inhomogeneous":[23],"fluxes":[24,29],"and":[25,110,139,143,173,213,222],"demonstrate":[26],"how":[27],"such":[28],"reshape":[30],"the":[31,46,49,75,86,95,98,106,122,133,157,162,170,207,210,219],"single-particle":[32],"spectrum.":[33],"Within":[34],"Wannier--Stark-assisted":[35],"tunneling,":[36],"onsite":[37],"modulation":[38],"produces":[39],"plaquette":[41],"flux":[42,76,88,107,114,141],"that":[43,73],"depends":[44],"on":[45],"orientation":[47],"of":[48,80,121,151,161,201,209],"static":[50],"tilt,":[51],"whereas":[52,132],"laser-assisted":[53],"tunneling":[54],"(LAT)":[55],"does":[56],"not.":[57],"Using":[58],"LAT,":[59],"two":[60],"coherent":[61],"Raman":[62,92],"processes":[63],"with":[64,182],"different":[65],"momentum":[66],"transfers":[67],"imprint":[68],"dimerized":[70],"Peierls":[71],"phase":[72,93],"alternates":[74],"between":[77,108],"neighboring":[78],"plaquettes":[79],"square":[82,124],"lattice":[83,125,135],"while":[84],"keeping":[85],"mean":[87],"fixed.":[89],"A":[90],"bond-selective":[91],"extends":[94],"kagome":[99,134,163],"lattice,":[100],"where":[101],"parameter":[103],"$\u03be$":[104,154],"redistributes":[105],"triangles":[109],"hexagons":[111],"at":[112,148,180],"fixed":[113],"per":[115],"unit":[116],"cell.":[117],"The":[118,186],"Hofstadter--Rammal":[119],"spectrum":[120],"bipartite":[123],"retains":[126],"chiral":[127],"symmetry":[128],"for":[129,225],"all":[130],"$\u03be$,":[131],"lacks":[136],"this":[137,195],"symmetry,":[138],"its":[140,226],"periodicity":[142],"reflection":[144],"symmetries":[145],"survive":[146],"only":[147],"special":[149],"values":[150],"$\u03be$.":[152],"As":[153],"is":[155],"reduced,":[156],"anomalous":[158],"Landau":[159],"levels":[160],"singular":[164],"flat":[165],"band":[166],"compressed":[168],"toward":[169],"flat-band":[171],"energy":[172],"evolve":[174],"into":[175],"degenerate":[177],"zero-energy":[178],"manifold":[179],"$\u03be=0$":[181],"compactly":[183],"localized":[184],"states.":[185],"dynamical":[187],"structure":[188],"factor,":[189],"accessible":[190],"through":[191],"Bragg":[192],"scattering,":[193],"resolves":[194],"evolution":[196],"as":[197,215],"Rydberg-like":[199],"series":[200],"peaks":[202],"whose":[203],"spectral":[204],"span":[205],"tracks":[206],"width":[208],"anomalous-level":[211],"tower":[212],"vanishes":[214],"$\u03be\\to0$.":[216],"We":[217],"discuss":[218],"frequency":[220],"resolution":[221],"temperature":[223],"required":[224],"observation.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}