{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225193323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","title":"In Vitro Screening of Cattle-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Raw Milk for Probiotic Properties and Fecal Fermentation: Preliminary Insights into Potential Mechanisms Against Calf Diarrhea","display_name":"In Vitro Screening of Cattle-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermented Raw Milk for Probiotic Properties and Fecal Fermentation: Preliminary Insights into Potential Mechanisms Against Calf Diarrhea","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225193323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132740957","display_name":"Lianguang Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7090-6948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7090-6948"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianguang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7090-6948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160567101","display_name":"Meiqi Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111302216","display_name":"Junzhao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9336-7540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9336-7540"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9336-7540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026601113","display_name":"Huaxin Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-6139","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-6139"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huaxin Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-6139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391499","display_name":"Jingfeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6584"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingfeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7463-6584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026601113","https://openalex.org/A5100391499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80326614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"3464","last_page":"3464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10152","display_name":"Animal Nutrition and Physiology","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10098","display_name":"Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotic-lactic-acid-bacteria","display_name":"probiotic lactic acid bacteria","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lacticaseibacillus-paracasei","display_name":"Lactobacillus paracasei","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterococcus-hirae","display_name":"Enterococcus hirae","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterococcus-faecalis","display_name":"Enterococcus faecalis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermented-milk","display_name":"fermented milk","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simmental-calves","display_name":"Simmental calves","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calf-diarrhea","display_name":"calf diarrhea","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonic-fermentation","display_name":"colonic fermentation","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-chain-fatty-acids","display_name":"short-chain fatty acids","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonic-microbiota","display_name":"colonic microbiota","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactooligosaccharides","display_name":"galactooligosaccharides","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibacterial-activity","display_name":"antibacterial activity","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/igg-binding","display_name":"IgG binding","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-susceptibility","display_name":"antibiotic susceptibility","score":0.4440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779433226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1799829","display_name":"Lactobacillus paracasei","level":4,"score":0.7849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760","display_name":"Fermentation","level":2,"score":0.7148000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780255968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1816730","display_name":"Probiotic","level":3,"score":0.6883000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779895986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140014","display_name":"Enterococcus faecalis","level":4,"score":0.6345000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780585763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q517258","display_name":"Enterococcus","level":3,"score":0.6075000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777677444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140010","display_name":"Enterococcus faecium","level":3,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16981651","display_name":"Enterococcus hirae","level":4,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775920511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161249","display_name":"Lactic acid","level":3,"score":0.5641000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775992197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513631","display_name":"Raw milk","level":2,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61716771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496","display_name":"Feces","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109097599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58148","display_name":"Pasteurization","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776996202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4904768","display_name":"Bifidobacterium longum","level":5,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992397963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189790","display_name":"Anaerobic bacteria","level":3,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779853579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506176","display_name":"Fermented milk products","level":4,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180032290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1664296","display_name":"Inoculation","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777392542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174392","display_name":"Human feces","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778985185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756682","display_name":"Lactobacillus plantarum","level":4,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804517","display_name":"Pathogenic bacteria","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58684123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810993","display_name":"Food microbiology","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778663903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140018","display_name":"Streptococcaceae","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779518903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857288","display_name":"Gram-positive bacteria","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16213464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16213464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907793622","https://openalex.org/W1990681722","https://openalex.org/W2034556445","https://openalex.org/W2109466499","https://openalex.org/W2115953368","https://openalex.org/W2479313159","https://openalex.org/W2530795164","https://openalex.org/W2591160490","https://openalex.org/W2755460886","https://openalex.org/W2883827743","https://openalex.org/W2894132870","https://openalex.org/W2909897226","https://openalex.org/W2938663642","https://openalex.org/W2964334812","https://openalex.org/W2982689965","https://openalex.org/W2986877241","https://openalex.org/W3004735230","https://openalex.org/W3040382032","https://openalex.org/W3043728625","https://openalex.org/W3084444113","https://openalex.org/W3117854319","https://openalex.org/W3167221544","https://openalex.org/W3173601433","https://openalex.org/W3178695087","https://openalex.org/W4214638490","https://openalex.org/W4220678152","https://openalex.org/W4220910489","https://openalex.org/W4229001165","https://openalex.org/W4242109183","https://openalex.org/W4280646497","https://openalex.org/W4283451562","https://openalex.org/W4327923031","https://openalex.org/W4376132102","https://openalex.org/W4380576419","https://openalex.org/W4383313085","https://openalex.org/W4385897923","https://openalex.org/W4388281679","https://openalex.org/W4391840387","https://openalex.org/W4391930817","https://openalex.org/W4402877127","https://openalex.org/W4405577790","https://openalex.org/W4405905061","https://openalex.org/W4408885364","https://openalex.org/W4411060496","https://openalex.org/W4411235668","https://openalex.org/W4411913394","https://openalex.org/W4413024978","https://openalex.org/W4413981789","https://openalex.org/W4414656784","https://openalex.org/W4416596541","https://openalex.org/W7130822968","https://openalex.org/W7133227487","https://openalex.org/W7138013637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128592485","https://openalex.org/W2798035617","https://openalex.org/W3080388283","https://openalex.org/W3042545762","https://openalex.org/W7042807881","https://openalex.org/W4417523260","https://openalex.org/W3199242713","https://openalex.org/W1966294675","https://openalex.org/W7010266965","https://openalex.org/W3138277953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"three":[3,51,123,163,223],"bovine-derived":[4,387],"lactic":[5,283,388],"acid":[6,274,284,389],"bacteria":[7,390],"(LAB)":[8],"strains":[9,112,124,164,224],"were":[10,30,225],"isolated":[11],"from":[12,96],"feces":[13],"of":[14,53,81,110,143,344,386],"healthy":[15],"Simmental":[16,98],"calves:":[17],"Lacticaseibacillus":[18,56],"paracasei":[19,57],"(Lp),":[20],"Enterococcus":[21,25,61,67],"hirae":[22,62],"(Eh),":[23],"and":[24,40,66,85,117,136,146,174,179,195,205,232,236,249,272,276,279,296,324,349,353,377,401,407],"faecalis":[26,68],"(Ef).":[27],"Bacterial":[28],"suspensions":[29],"inoculated":[31],"into":[32],"pasteurized":[33],"milk":[34,59,64,70,131,393],"at":[35,43,395],"a":[36,79,186,382],"2%":[37],"inoculation":[38],"ratio":[39],"anaerobically":[41],"fermented":[42,58,63,69,291,392],"37":[44],"\u00b0C":[45],"for":[46,391],"24":[47],"h":[48],"to":[49,105,228,243,361],"obtain":[50],"kinds":[52],"LAB-fermented":[54],"milks:":[55],"(LpM),":[60],"(EhM),":[65],"(EfM).":[71],"Their":[72],"probiotic":[73],"potential":[74],"was":[75,91,159,268,337],"comprehensively":[76],"evaluated":[77],"through":[78],"series":[80],"in":[82,86,156,270,319,371],"vitro":[83,87,320],"assays,":[84],"colonic":[88,115],"anaerobic":[89],"fermentation":[90],"conducted":[92],"using":[93],"fecal":[94],"inoculum":[95],"four":[97],"calves":[99],"(three":[100],"biological":[101],"replicates":[102],"per":[103],"group)":[104],"investigate":[106],"the":[107,114,162,216,258,263,301,311,342],"regulatory":[108],"effects":[109],"these":[111],"on":[113],"microbiota":[116],"short-chain":[118],"fatty":[119],"acids":[120],"(SCFAs).":[121],"The":[122,290],"exhibited":[125,169],"similar":[126],"growth":[127],"trends":[128],"during":[129],"raw":[130],"fermentation.":[132],"Compared":[133],"with":[134,185,200,213,368],"Eh":[135,194,235,352,400],"Ef,":[137],"Lp":[138,380],"showed":[139,238,310],"significantly":[140,170],"greater":[141,210],"utilization":[142],"galactooligosaccharides":[144],"(GOS)":[145],"lactooligosaccharides":[147],"(LOS)":[148],"(p":[149,165,181,190,219,287,315],"<":[150,182,191,220,288,316],"0.01),":[151,183],"whereas":[152,234],"no":[153],"significant":[154],"difference":[155],"proteolytic":[157],"activity":[158],"observed":[160],"among":[161],"=":[166],"0.192).":[167],"LpM":[168,248,267,278,299,323,340],"higher":[171,187],"water-holding":[172],"capacity":[173],"cell-surface":[175],"hydrophobicity":[176],"than":[177,285,329],"EhM":[178,250,261,280,325],"EfM":[180,256,286,309],"along":[184],"auto-aggregation":[188],"rate":[189],"0.01).":[192,221,289,317],"Conversely,":[193],"Ef":[196,214,237,354,402],"displayed":[197,293],"stronger":[198],"co-aggregation":[199],"Staphylococcus":[201],"aureus,":[202],"Escherichia":[203],"coli,":[204],"Salmonella,":[206],"as":[207,209,359],"well":[208],"antibacterial":[211],"activity,":[212,304],"being":[215],"most":[217,264],"effective":[218],"All":[222],"highly":[226],"sensitive":[227],"kanamycin,":[229],"streptomycin,":[230],"tetracycline,":[231],"doxycycline,":[233],"intermediate":[239],"sensitivity":[240],"or":[241],"resistance":[242],"several":[244],"antibiotics.":[245],"After":[246],"fermentation,":[247,321],"retained":[251],"IgG":[252],"more":[253,282,327],"effectively,":[254],"while":[255,308],"consumed":[257],"least":[259],"lactose.":[260],"produced":[262,326],"acetic":[265],"acid,":[266],"dominant":[269],"propionic":[271],"butyric":[273],"production,":[275],"both":[277,322],"generated":[281],"milks":[292],"distinct":[294],"2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)":[295],"hydroxyl-radical-scavenging":[297],"capacities;":[298],"possessed":[300],"strongest":[302],"antioxidant":[303,313],"followed":[305],"by":[306],"EhM,":[307],"weakest":[312],"performance":[314],"During":[318],"SCFAs":[328],"EfM.":[330],"Through":[331],"16S":[332],"rRNA":[333],"gene":[334],"sequencing":[335],"it":[336],"revealed":[338],"that":[339],"increased":[341],"abundance":[343],"Butyricicoccus":[345],"pullicaecorum,":[346],"Lactococcus,":[347],"Streptococcaceae,":[348],"Lachnospiraceae.":[350],"Although":[351],"could":[355],"enrich":[356],"genera":[357],"such":[358],"Bacillus":[360],"inhibit":[362],"diarrhea-associated":[363],"pathogens,":[364,406],"they":[365],"also":[366,403],"coincided":[367],"an":[369],"increase":[370],"opportunistic":[372,405],"pathogens":[373],"including":[374],"Escherichia-Shigella,":[375],"Klebsiella,":[376],"Enterococcus.":[378],"Therefore,":[379],"represents":[381],"promising":[383],"candidate":[384],"strain":[385],"aimed":[394],"preventing":[396],"calf":[397],"diarrhea.":[398],"Notably,":[399],"enriched":[404],"further":[408],"safety":[409],"assessment":[410],"is":[411],"required":[412],"before":[413],"practical":[414],"application.":[415]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
