{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225192520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","title":"Motor-unit behaviour of abductor hallucis and medial gastrocnemius during concentric, eccentric and isometric heel-rise conditions","display_name":"Motor-unit behaviour of abductor hallucis and medial gastrocnemius during concentric, eccentric and isometric heel-rise conditions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225192520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.51224/cik.2026.8557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","pdf_url":"https://storkjournals.org/index.php/cik/article/download/8557/6553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202141","display_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","issn_l":"2767-0732","issn":["2767-0732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://storkjournals.org/index.php/cik/article/download/8557/6553","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033906655","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-367X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-367X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70703428","display_name":"Palack\u00fd University Olomouc","ror":"https://ror.org/04qxnmv42","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160419495","display_name":"H. Chlebnickova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70703428","display_name":"Palack\u00fd University Olomouc","ror":"https://ror.org/04qxnmv42","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Chlebnickova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001884152","display_name":"Graham John Chapman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-6641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-6641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham J. Chapman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allied Health Research Unit, University of Lancashire, Preston, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allied Health Research Unit, University of Lancashire, Preston, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078049442","display_name":"Zden\u011bk Svoboda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-4689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0744-4689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70703428","display_name":"Palack\u00fd University Olomouc","ror":"https://ror.org/04qxnmv42","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zden\u011bk Svoboda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physical Culture, Palack\u00fd University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70703428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160455062","display_name":"J. Richards","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185852735","display_name":"University of Lancashire","ror":"https://ror.org/010jbqd54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Richards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allied Health Research Unit, University of Lancashire, Preston, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allied Health Research Unit, University of Lancashire, Preston, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185852735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7367572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"S1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10441","display_name":"Muscle Physiology and Disorders","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-unit-firing-rate","display_name":"motor unit firing rate","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abductor-hallucis","display_name":"abductor hallucis","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medial-gastrocnemius","display_name":"medial gastrocnemius","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heel-rise","display_name":"heel rise","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentric-contraction","display_name":"concentric contraction","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eccentric-contraction","display_name":"eccentric contraction","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isometric-contraction","display_name":"isometric contraction","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot-muscles","display_name":"foot muscles","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-foot-muscles","display_name":"intrinsic foot muscles","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plantar-flexors","display_name":"plantar flexors","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muscle-activation","display_name":"muscle activation","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foot-orthoses","display_name":"foot orthoses","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.9121999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.7962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5986999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777248721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174647","display_name":"Heel","level":2,"score":0.5425000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100784341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340491","display_name":"Eccentric","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100533687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156424","display_name":"Metronome","level":3,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119971845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540134","display_name":"Squatting position","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115076146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651051","display_name":"Foot (prosody)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170700871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193378","display_name":"Biomechanics","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781425072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1889028","display_name":"Motor unit","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019029512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264251","display_name":"Plantar flexion","level":3,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173172909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918207","display_name":"Motor unit recruitment","level":3,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523889960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160695","display_name":"Torso","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127006","display_name":"Muscle contraction","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019295976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402","display_name":"Leg muscle","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778470209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5332180","display_name":"Eccentric exercise","level":3,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779342965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808132","display_name":"Barefoot","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910134782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259414","display_name":"Tooth disease","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.51224/cik.2026.8557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","pdf_url":"https://storkjournals.org/index.php/cik/article/download/8557/6553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202141","display_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","issn_l":"2767-0732","issn":["2767-0732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.51224/cik.2026.8557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51224/cik.2026.8557","pdf_url":"https://storkjournals.org/index.php/cik/article/download/8557/6553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202141","display_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","issn_l":"2767-0732","issn":["2767-0732"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications in Kinesiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324127","display_name":"Univerzita Palack\u00e9ho v Olomouci","ror":"https://ror.org/04qxnmv42"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225192520.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225192520.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054103108","https://openalex.org/W2099019403","https://openalex.org/W2156525434","https://openalex.org/W3159629962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054103108","https://openalex.org/W2765523212","https://openalex.org/W2041732039","https://openalex.org/W4313907687","https://openalex.org/W2084452848","https://openalex.org/W2066717826","https://openalex.org/W4401503392","https://openalex.org/W3014257586","https://openalex.org/W4253692696","https://openalex.org/W3016830082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Heel-rise":[1],"tasks":[2,93],"require":[3],"coordinated":[4],"control":[5],"of":[6,44,108,137,209,249,478,570,595,679,683],"extrinsic":[7,127],"plantar":[8,128],"flexors":[9],"and":[10,50,72,83,125,150,154,161,167,205,213,228,262,275,295,315,327,355,371,386,430,469,487,579,613,635,662,688],"intrinsic":[11,118],"foot":[12,119,670],"muscles.":[13,410],"Traditional":[14],"surface":[15,183,218],"electromyography":[16,40],"provides":[17],"useful":[18],"information":[19],"on":[20,335],"muscle":[21,343],"activation,":[22],"but":[23],"amplitude-based":[24],"measures":[25],"do":[26],"not":[27,461],"fully":[28],"describe":[29],"how":[30],"individual":[31],"motor":[32,156],"units":[33],"are":[34],"modulated":[35],"during":[36,47,111,226,618,630,649],"functional":[37,647],"movement.":[38],"Surface":[39],"decomposition":[41],"enables":[42],"analysis":[43],"motor-unit":[45,65,106,144,296,306,320,403,458,550,596,616],"behaviour":[46,66,107,597],"both":[48,210,224,409,438],"isometric":[49,73,151,162,229,271,316,328,372,387,451,470,543,565,610],"cyclic":[51],"dynamic":[52,91,160,227,234,326,385,439,468,560,620,633],"contractions":[53,74],"(De":[54],"Luca":[55],"et":[56,76,98],"al.,":[57,77,99],"2006,":[58],"2015).":[59],"Previous":[60],"studies":[61],"have":[62],"shown":[63],"that":[64],"can":[67],"differ":[68,462],"between":[69,368,384,406,423,467,506],"concentric,":[70,148,313,369],"eccentric":[71,149,263,314,370,431,529,608],"(Kallio":[75],"2013;":[78],"Oliveira":[79],"&":[80],"Negro,":[81],"2021),":[82],"recent":[84],"work":[85],"has":[86],"applied":[87],"this":[88,138,176,302],"approach":[89],"to":[90,141,194,288,365,380,658,669],"closed-chain":[92],"such":[94,121,130],"as":[95,122,131,351,357],"squatting":[96],"(Orantes-Gonzalez":[97],"2025).":[100],"However,":[101],"little":[102],"is":[103],"known":[104],"about":[105],"foot-related":[109],"muscles":[110,208,225],"heel-rise":[112,152,230,278,599,650],"tasks,":[113,651],"particularly":[114],"when":[115],"considering":[116],"an":[117,126],"muscle,":[120],"abductor":[123,165,203,412,473,624,663],"hallucis,":[124,413,474],"flexor,":[129],"medial":[132,168],"gastrocnemius.":[133],"Therefore,":[134],"the":[135,195,202,211,233,270,290,312,325,424,450,519,528,536,542,559,564,619,631,677],"aim":[136],"study":[139,177,673],"was":[140,309,322,378,391,516,674],"compare":[142,381],"mean":[143,336],"firing":[145,297,307,337,404,444,504,514,538,628],"rates":[146,298,445,505,629],"across":[147,159,598],"conditions,":[153,317],"peak":[155,319,382,615,640],"unit":[157],"amplitude":[158,321,383],"conditions":[163,329,407,471,508],"in":[164,175,402,408,472,518,541,558,563,639],"hallucis":[166,204,625,664],"gastrocnemius.Methods:":[169],"Thirty-four":[170],"healthy":[171],"young":[172],"adults":[173],"participated":[174],"(26":[178],"females,":[179],"8":[180],"males).":[181],"Four-channel":[182],"EMG":[184],"sensors":[185],"(Trigno":[186],"Galileo,":[187],"Delsys":[188],"Inc.,":[189],"Boston,":[190],"USA)":[191],"were":[192,221,258,286,299,339,363,552],"attached":[193],"skin":[196],"using":[197,265,344],"hypoallergenic":[198],"double-sided":[199],"tape":[200],"over":[201],"gastrocnemius":[206,497,653],"medialis":[207,602,654],"dominant":[212],"non-dominant":[214],"lower":[215],"limbs.":[216],"Decomposed":[217],"electromyographic":[219],"recordings":[220],"obtained":[222],"from":[223,301],"tasks.":[231],"In":[232,269,411,622],"condition,":[235,272,566],"participants":[236,273],"performed":[237,274],"15":[238,250],"consecutive":[239],"heel":[240,251,256],"raises":[241,252,257],"guided":[242],"by":[243,527,676],"a":[244,247,277,352,358,604],"metronome":[245],"at":[246,393],"rate":[248,308,338,405,515,539],"per":[253],"minute.":[254],"Dynamic":[255],"segmented":[259],"into":[260],"concentric":[261,425,520,606],"phases":[264,440,634],"angular":[266,283],"velocity":[267,284],"data.":[268],"maintained":[276],"position":[279],"for":[280,311,324,330],"30":[281],"s;":[282],"data":[285],"used":[287,364,379],"identify":[289],"stable":[291],"static":[292],"holding":[293],"phase,":[294],"calculated":[300,310],"selected":[303],"interval.":[304],"Mean":[305],"whereas":[318],"analysed":[323,340],"each":[331,342],"muscle.":[332],"Task-condition":[333],"effects":[334],"within":[341],"linear":[345],"mixed-effects":[346],"models,":[347],"with":[348,475,535,567,652],"task":[349],"condition":[350,452,544,561],"fixed":[353],"effect":[354],"participant":[356],"random":[359],"effect.":[360],"Pairwise":[361],"comparisons":[362],"examine":[366],"differences":[367,401],"conditions.":[373,388,600],"The":[374,512],"Wilcoxon":[375],"signed-rank":[376],"test":[377],"Statistical":[389],"significance":[390],"set":[392],"p":[394],"<":[395,447,510,556],"0.05.Results:":[396],"Within-muscle":[397],"analyses":[398],"showed":[399,416,441,501,591,603,626],"significant":[400,418],"pairwise":[414,499],"comparison":[415,500],"no":[417,636],"difference":[419,638],"(p":[420,446,464,509,555],"=":[421,465],"0.427)":[422],"(12.33":[426],"\u00b1":[427,433,454,523,532,546],"3.59":[428],"pps)":[429,435],"(12.71":[432],"3.42":[434],"phases,":[436],"however":[437],"significantly":[442,463,502,553],"higher":[443,554,614],"0.001)":[448,557],"than":[449,562],"(10.01":[453],"3.30":[455],"pps).":[456,548],"Peak":[457,549],"amplitudes":[459,551,617],"did":[460],"0.256)":[466],"median":[476,568],"values":[477,569],"1.9":[479],"\u00d7":[480,485,489,494,572,577,581,586],"10\u207b\u2074":[481,490,573],"V":[482,491,574,583],"(IQR":[483,492,575,584],"1.2":[484],"10\u207b\u2074)":[486],"1.8":[488],"1.6":[493],"10\u207b\u2074),":[495],"respectively.In":[496],"medialis,":[498],"different":[503,592,646],"all":[507],"0.001).":[511],"highest":[513],"observed":[517,540],"phase":[521,530],"(14.19":[522],"2.23":[524],"pps),":[525,534],"followed":[526],"(13.16":[531],"2.43":[533],"lowest":[537],"(9.83":[545],"1.94":[547],"1.1":[571],"5.1":[576],"10\u207b\u2075)":[578],"7.4":[580],"10\u207b\u2075":[582],"3.1":[585],"10\u207b\u2075),":[587],"respectively.Conclusions:":[588],"Our":[589],"results":[590],"within-muscle":[593],"patterns":[594],"Gastrocnemius":[601],"clear":[605],">":[607,609],"firing-rate":[611],"pattern":[612],"condition.":[621],"contrast,":[623],"similar":[627],"two":[632],"dynamic\u2013isometric":[637],"amplitudes.":[641],"These":[642],"findings":[643],"may":[644],"reflect":[645],"roles":[648],"more":[655,667],"closely":[656],"related":[657],"plantar-flexion":[659],"torque":[660],"production":[661],"potentially":[665],"contributing":[666],"consistently":[668],"stabilisation.Acknowledgements:":[671],"This":[672],"supported":[675],"grants":[678],"Internal":[680],"grant":[681],"agency":[682],"Palack\u00fd":[684],"University":[685],"Olomouc":[686],"IGA_FTK_2024_003":[687],"IGA_FTK_2025_009.":[689]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
