{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225189735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","title":"Discrete Element Parameter Calibration for Pruned Apple Branches Using Angle of Repose and Three-Point Bending Tests","display_name":"Discrete Element Parameter Calibration for Pruned Apple Branches Using Angle of Repose and Three-Point Bending Tests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225189735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160521117","display_name":"Zehui Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133479449","display_name":"Hongjie Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117615659","display_name":"Liu Lixing","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160534868","display_name":"Pengfei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402577","display_name":"Li J","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8760-1365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8760-1365","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-3888","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8666-3126","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-8817","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-7308","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6679-5227","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-3980","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7842-8305","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-5992","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5646-198X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-1633","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-9445","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-2320","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-5577","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-566X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-343X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9796-3353","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-4213","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0661-5642","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-7352","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-8923","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-5074","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2414-0556","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-6806","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-7889","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-8241","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-5379","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-4623","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-019X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5392-0471","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7295-3033","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7489-4778","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7990-1295","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8095-7253","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-1083","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0905-0816","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1346-8422","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-5261","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-2514","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2320-9387","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-1864","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3304-5005","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3320-7924","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-0313","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-2704","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4002-3031","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-4322","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0346-161X","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7009-9411","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8397-3884","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8893-9829","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9560-3565","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1735-0897","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2683-7736","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6977-1458","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9114-6018","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3707-0208","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7814-3477","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1276-1931","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9599-4289","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1050-6157","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3665-0261","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5633-7333","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0470-8240","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0915-2130","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1901-1809","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3337-1982","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4306-5081","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7559-7488","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8954-6454","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0558-3467","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4484-4041","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6756-2362","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7474-1326","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6053-319X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-3888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160418771","display_name":"Xin Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Province Smart Agriculture Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160418771"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75134505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"470","last_page":"470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12201","display_name":"Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12201","display_name":"Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization","score":0.5278000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.1890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.016499999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/winter-pruning","display_name":"winter pruning","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-element-method","display_name":"discrete element method","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameter-calibration","display_name":"parameter calibration","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-repose","display_name":"angle of repose","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-point-bending","display_name":"three-point bending","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-parameters","display_name":"contact parameters","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bond-parameters","display_name":"bonding parameters","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-restitution","display_name":"coefficient of restitution","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/friction-coefficient","display_name":"friction coefficient","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-stiffness","display_name":"contact stiffness","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuji-apple","display_name":"Fuji apple","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edem-simulation","display_name":"EDEM simulation","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plackett-burman-design","display_name":"Plackett-Burman design","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-composite-design","display_name":"central composite design","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-surface-methodology","display_name":"response surface methodology","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steepest-ascent-method","display_name":"steepest ascent","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151995515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q532078","display_name":"Angle of repose","level":2,"score":0.8662999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.5626000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87210426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476","display_name":"Bending","level":2,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5432999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128172907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4887116","display_name":"Bending stiffness","level":3,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171872576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902783","display_name":"Discrete element method","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33373654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164821","display_name":"Contact area","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6556556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899239","display_name":"Contact angle","level":2,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5364694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143011","display_name":"Coefficient of restitution","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81302111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916417","display_name":"Contact force","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179909247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783143","display_name":"Contact mechanics","level":3,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776585123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424666","display_name":"Slider","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28369735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714750","display_name":"Brinell scale","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165846633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541008","display_name":"Normal force","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797742770","https://openalex.org/W2910224255","https://openalex.org/W3034032075","https://openalex.org/W3163579625","https://openalex.org/W3209357348","https://openalex.org/W4213157949","https://openalex.org/W4307635071","https://openalex.org/W4308441095","https://openalex.org/W4309903607","https://openalex.org/W4313472572","https://openalex.org/W4377103643","https://openalex.org/W4387552230","https://openalex.org/W4390818944","https://openalex.org/W4391143599","https://openalex.org/W4392265651","https://openalex.org/W4395063714","https://openalex.org/W4399041862","https://openalex.org/W4399361511","https://openalex.org/W4400764126","https://openalex.org/W4402136049","https://openalex.org/W4403261288","https://openalex.org/W4403961329","https://openalex.org/W4407005739","https://openalex.org/W4409958081","https://openalex.org/W4412455156","https://openalex.org/W7116885170","https://openalex.org/W7203915362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204026795","https://openalex.org/W4200075129","https://openalex.org/W7212370122","https://openalex.org/W4404698009","https://openalex.org/W4394965203","https://openalex.org/W4404931836","https://openalex.org/W4393353412","https://openalex.org/W4286492714","https://openalex.org/W4392003995","https://openalex.org/W4414032071"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"establish":[1],"the":[2,42,48,80,89,93,100,135,139,161,195,210,216,224,266,288,302,324,334,341,354],"fundamental":[3],"parameter":[4,183,304,336],"set":[5,184,305,337],"required":[6,83],"for":[7,84,364],"discrete":[8,365],"element":[9,366],"modeling":[10,367],"of":[11,47,95,141,156,165,189,191,198,238,250,260,268,283,313,321,327,350],"pruned":[12],"apple":[13,17,351],"branches,":[14],"one-year-old":[15],"Fuji":[16],"branches":[18,352],"collected":[19],"during":[20],"winter":[21],"pruning":[22],"from":[23,194,323],"a":[24,108,186,231,243,256,307,318,362],"high-density":[25],"dwarf-rootstock":[26],"orchard":[27],"were":[28,36,65,75,105,114,134,146,174,205],"investigated.":[29],"Physical":[30],"experiments":[31],"and":[32,40,44,62,71,111,119,130,148,170,177,207,255,345,368,377],"EDEM":[33],"numerical":[34],"simulations":[35,300],"combined":[37],"to":[38,78,293],"calibrate":[39],"validate":[41],"contact":[43,112,182,233,245],"bonding":[45,203],"parameters":[46,113,204,360],"branches.":[49],"First,":[50],"basic":[51],"physical":[52],"properties,":[53],"including":[54],"branch":[55,373],"dimensions,":[56],"moisture":[57],"content,":[58],"density,":[59],"Poisson\u2019s":[60],"ratio,":[61],"elastic":[63],"modulus,":[64],"measured.":[66],"Restitution,":[67],"friction,":[68],"cylinder-lifting":[69],"angle-of-repose,":[70],"three-point":[72,221,298],"bending":[73,222,299,310,347],"tests":[74,118],"then":[76],"conducted":[77],"obtain":[79],"macroscopic":[81],"responses":[82],"model":[85],"calibration.":[86],"Based":[87],"on":[88],"Hertz\u2013Mindlin":[90,211],"(no-slip)":[91],"model,":[92,214],"angle":[94,140,188],"repose":[96,190],"was":[97,158,272,277,291],"selected":[98],"as":[99,223],"target":[101,225,326],"response.":[102,226],"Significant":[103],"factors":[104,137],"screened":[106],"using":[107,209,301],"Plackett\u2013Burman":[109],"design,":[110],"optimized":[115,144,208],"through":[116],"steepest-ascent":[117],"central":[120],"composite":[121],"design":[122],"(CCD)":[123],"response":[124],"surface":[125,228],"methodology.":[126],"The":[127,151,180,358],"branch\u2013branch":[128,154],"static":[129,167],"rolling":[131,171],"friction":[132,168,172],"coefficients":[133],"principal":[136],"affecting":[138],"repose;":[142],"their":[143],"values":[145],"0.348":[147],"0.067,":[149],"respectively.":[150,179],"experimentally":[152],"measured":[153,162],"coefficient":[155,164,173],"restitution":[157],"0.157,":[159],"while":[160],"branch\u2013steel":[163],"restitution,":[166],"coefficient,":[169],"0.41,":[175],"0.42,":[176],"0.08,":[178],"final":[181,303],"produced":[185],"simulated":[187],"28.35\u00b0,":[192],"differing":[193],"experimental":[196,356],"mean":[197,308],"28.57\u00b0":[199],"by":[200],"0.77%.":[201],"Subsequently,":[202],"analyzed":[206],"with":[212,215],"Bonding":[213],"maximum":[217,309],"failure":[218,311],"load":[219,312],"in":[220,371],"Response":[227],"optimization":[229,370],"yielded":[230],"normal":[232,270],"stiffness":[234,246],"per":[235,247],"unit":[236,248],"area":[237,249],"2.15":[239],"\u00d7":[240,252,262,285],"1011":[241,253],"N\u00b7m\u22123,":[242,254],"tangential":[244,258],"2.00":[251],"critical":[257,269],"stress":[259,271],"5.17":[261],"107":[263,286],"Pa.":[264],"Because":[265],"effect":[267],"not":[273],"statistically":[274],"significant,":[275],"it":[276],"fixed":[278],"at":[279],"its":[280],"center":[281],"level":[282],"5.00":[284],"Pa;":[287],"bond":[289],"radius":[290],"preset":[292],"1.2":[294],"mm.":[295],"Five":[296],"repeated":[297],"gave":[306],"413.30":[314],"\u00b1":[315],"23.53":[316],"N,":[317],"relative":[319],"difference":[320],"2.50%":[322],"calibration":[325],"423.9":[328],"N.":[329],"These":[330],"results":[331],"indicate":[332],"that":[333],"identified":[335],"can":[338],"adequately":[339],"characterize":[340],"bulk":[342],"stacking":[343],"behavior":[344],"quasi-static":[346],"load-bearing":[348],"capacity":[349],"under":[353],"present":[355],"conditions.":[357],"calibrated":[359],"provide":[361],"basis":[363],"equipment":[369],"subsequent":[372],"collection,":[374],"conveying,":[375],"feeding,":[376],"shredding":[378],"operations.":[379]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
