{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225189546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","title":"Automated Organ Segmentation of Sunflower Plants from 3D Point Clouds Using an Improved Region-Growing Algorithm","display_name":"Automated Organ Segmentation of Sunflower Plants from 3D Point Clouds Using an Improved Region-Growing Algorithm","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225189546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054451538","display_name":"Lichuang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-1915","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-1915"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lichuang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111184438","display_name":"Gong Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080684938","display_name":"\u5b59\u79c0\u534e","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuhua Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zibo Land Surveying and Mapping Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zibo Land Surveying and Mapping Co., Ltd., Zibo 255000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160546956","display_name":"Chaozhi Ji","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaozhi Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160393340","display_name":"Jiaxiao Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119203015","display_name":"Shandong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mr3ar13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111184438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119203015"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86828324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"11","first_page":"467","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.5595999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.5595999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.3472000062465668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.040699999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunflower","display_name":"sunflower","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-organ-segmentation","display_name":"plant organ segmentation","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-point-clouds","display_name":"3D point clouds","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-growing-algorithm","display_name":"region growing algorithm","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-segmentation","display_name":"leaf segmentation","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-phenotyping","display_name":"plant phenotyping","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud-denoising","display_name":"point cloud denoising","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-based-clustering","display_name":"density-based clustering","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-classification","display_name":"organ classification","score":0.527999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779197568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423986","display_name":"Sunflower","level":2,"score":0.5698000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.54830002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778181364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171497","display_name":"Helianthus annuus","level":3,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019322901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076906","display_name":"Sunflower seed","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering8110467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8110467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985870845","https://openalex.org/W2069615085","https://openalex.org/W2077411190","https://openalex.org/W2594064569","https://openalex.org/W2594602492","https://openalex.org/W2898241695","https://openalex.org/W2910221578","https://openalex.org/W2911762912","https://openalex.org/W2944233871","https://openalex.org/W2972015107","https://openalex.org/W2979646061","https://openalex.org/W3116010023","https://openalex.org/W3132005273","https://openalex.org/W3168904663","https://openalex.org/W3182693701","https://openalex.org/W4281382677","https://openalex.org/W4288442517","https://openalex.org/W4290037015","https://openalex.org/W4313411609","https://openalex.org/W4318707285","https://openalex.org/W4361218841","https://openalex.org/W4381839708","https://openalex.org/W4383213811","https://openalex.org/W4385284832","https://openalex.org/W4388591105","https://openalex.org/W4392460519","https://openalex.org/W4393061563","https://openalex.org/W4402225295","https://openalex.org/W4406526525","https://openalex.org/W4408619800","https://openalex.org/W4410132902","https://openalex.org/W4411118702","https://openalex.org/W4412894720","https://openalex.org/W4413352842","https://openalex.org/W4413840937","https://openalex.org/W4414677463","https://openalex.org/W4415935972","https://openalex.org/W4416947539","https://openalex.org/W7126076402","https://openalex.org/W7139936080","https://openalex.org/W7172384568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594064569","https://openalex.org/W4408619800","https://openalex.org/W2596046624","https://openalex.org/W3178539861","https://openalex.org/W7222664641","https://openalex.org/W4394627445","https://openalex.org/W2526397456","https://openalex.org/W1887748936","https://openalex.org/W4410597240","https://openalex.org/W4318707285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"segmentation":[1,65,97,132,242],"of":[2,13,17,23,36,112,133,222,245,339],"plant":[3,48,95,159],"organs":[4,55,327],"is":[5,92,169,193],"a":[6,189],"key":[7,340],"foundation":[8],"for":[9,44,130,230,235,250,300,336],"the":[10,20,34,50,89,146,158,162,166,197,203,267,278,283,293,297,305,319],"automatic":[11],"extraction":[12,285,338],"three-dimensional":[14],"phenotypic":[15,341],"traits":[16,38],"crops":[18,45],"and":[19,26,39,56,77,88,109,116,142,154,184,212,248,254,264,272,282,310],"intelligent":[21],"monitoring":[22],"growth":[24,181],"status,":[25],"it":[27],"plays":[28],"an":[29,72,126],"important":[30],"supporting":[31],"role":[32],"in":[33,85],"screening":[35],"superior":[37],"precision":[40,243],"cultivation":[41],"management.":[42],"However,":[43],"with":[46,82,277],"complex":[47,51],"architecture,":[49],"spatial":[52],"relationships":[53],"among":[54],"significant":[57],"morphological":[58],"differences":[59],"still":[60],"make":[61],"3D":[62,86],"point":[63,114,148,200,205,219,330],"cloud":[64,149,220],"face":[66],"considerable":[67],"challenges.":[68],"Taking":[69],"sunflower":[70,134,226,251,326],"as":[71,104,161],"example,":[73],"its":[74],"stems,":[75,110,252],"leaves,":[76,253],"flower":[78,107],"discs":[79,108],"are":[80,99,207],"interwoven":[81],"one":[83],"another":[84],"space,":[87],"leaf":[90,117],"morphology":[91],"irregular.":[93],"Existing":[94],"organ":[96,131,213],"methods":[98],"prone":[100],"to":[101,151,195],"problems":[102],"such":[103],"confusion":[105],"between":[106],"fragmentation":[111],"stem":[113,199],"clouds,":[115,331],"oversegmentation.":[118],"To":[119],"address":[120],"these":[121],"issues,":[122],"this":[123],"study":[124],"proposes":[125],"improved":[127],"region-growing":[128,280],"algorithm":[129],"plants.":[135],"The":[136,238,257,315],"proposed":[137,239,294,320],"method":[138,240,281,286,295,321],"first":[139],"performs":[140],"denoising":[141],"downsampling":[143],"preprocessing":[144],"on":[145,218,287],"original":[147],"data":[150],"remove":[152],"noise":[153],"redundant":[155],"points.":[156],"Using":[157],"base":[160],"initial":[163],"seed":[164],"point,":[165],"main-stem":[167],"skeleton":[168,284],"iteratively":[170],"extracted":[171],"by":[172,308],"incorporating":[173],"local":[174,185],"neighborhood":[175],"compactness,":[176],"representative":[177,289],"candidate":[178],"points":[179],"selection,":[180],"direction":[182],"continuity,":[183],"linearity":[186],"constraints.":[187],"Subsequently,":[188],"buffer-based":[190],"reconstruction":[191],"strategy":[192],"employed":[194],"recover":[196],"complete":[198],"cloud,":[201],"while":[202,266],"remaining":[204],"clouds":[206],"processed":[208],"through":[209],"density-based":[210],"clustering":[211],"classification.":[214],"Experiments":[215],"were":[216,261],"conducted":[217],"datasets":[221],"30":[223],"tall":[224],"single-head":[225],"plants":[227,229,234,290],"(5":[228],"parameter":[231],"tuning,":[232],"25":[233],"quantitative":[236],"evaluation).":[237],"achieved":[241,296],"values":[244,260],"93.22%,":[246],"99.00%,":[247],"91.86%":[249],"flower,":[255],"respectively.":[256,274,314],"corresponding":[258],"recall":[259],"98.11%,":[262],"97.38%,":[263],"98.77%,":[265],"F1-scores":[268,299],"reached":[269],"95.55%,":[270],"97.81%,":[271],"94.20%,":[273],"Comparative":[275],"experiments":[276],"traditional":[279],"four":[288],"showed":[291],"that":[292,318],"highest":[298],"all":[301],"three":[302],"organs,":[303],"improving":[304],"average":[306],"F1-score":[307],"48.28":[309],"12.35":[311],"percentage":[312],"points,":[313],"results":[316],"demonstrate":[317],"can":[322],"accurately":[323],"segment":[324],"individual":[325],"from":[328],"single-plant":[329],"providing":[332],"reliable":[333],"technical":[334],"support":[335],"efficient":[337],"traits.":[342]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
