{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225186451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","title":"Smoothed Adaptive Weighting Average (SAWA) interpolation for geotechnical site characterisation using limited data","display_name":"Smoothed Adaptive Weighting Average (SAWA) interpolation for geotechnical site characterisation using limited data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225186451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186986228","display_name":"Georisk Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","issn_l":"1749-9518","issn":["1749-9518","1749-9526"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010?needAccess=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160562604","display_name":"Dinh-Tai Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinh-Tai Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068687167","display_name":"Ha H. Bui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-5433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-5433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ha H. Bui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160518023","display_name":"Tien V. Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tien V. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642176","display_name":"Thang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-3817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7028-3817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thang T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016391740","display_name":"Giang Dinh Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-7563","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-7563"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259444","display_name":"Adelaide University","ror":"https://ror.org/028g18b61","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giang D. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adelaide University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adelaide University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259444","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068687167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85314292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.6265000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.6265000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.2687999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.08640000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-interpolation","display_name":"spatial interpolation","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cone-penetration-test","display_name":"cone penetration test","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-density","display_name":"data density","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sparsity","display_name":"data sparsity","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-twin","display_name":"digital twin","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47872207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430701","display_name":"Inverse distance weighting","level":4,"score":0.7659000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.6189000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203332170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6334079","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","level":3,"score":0.5472000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125572338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440020","display_name":"Geostatistics","level":3,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781395549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680762","display_name":"Adaptive sampling","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202887219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3895221","display_name":"Parametrization (atmospheric modeling)","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159719176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586474","display_name":"Engineering geology","level":4,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207214200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202129","display_name":"Nearest-neighbor interpolation","level":4,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186986228","display_name":"Georisk Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","issn_l":"1749-9518","issn":["1749-9518","1749-9526"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010","pdf_url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17499518.2026.2751010?needAccess=true","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186986228","display_name":"Georisk Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","issn_l":"1749-9518","issn":["1749-9518","1749-9526"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312169","display_name":"National Computational Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04yx6dh41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225186451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225186451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55912154","https://openalex.org/W174107858","https://openalex.org/W601437654","https://openalex.org/W1517778786","https://openalex.org/W1971713783","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W2003938839","https://openalex.org/W2008572210","https://openalex.org/W2024081693","https://openalex.org/W2037460094","https://openalex.org/W2041178793","https://openalex.org/W2041559800","https://openalex.org/W2049257500","https://openalex.org/W2050947749","https://openalex.org/W2055639759","https://openalex.org/W2065513172","https://openalex.org/W2066625343","https://openalex.org/W2074984119","https://openalex.org/W2077412216","https://openalex.org/W2080072138","https://openalex.org/W2080977367","https://openalex.org/W2092981979","https://openalex.org/W2095028625","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2107296886","https://openalex.org/W2145185680","https://openalex.org/W2147169375","https://openalex.org/W2150712551","https://openalex.org/W2153822551","https://openalex.org/W2154202889","https://openalex.org/W2168414272","https://openalex.org/W2255220540","https://openalex.org/W2328499788","https://openalex.org/W2405867650","https://openalex.org/W2563139076","https://openalex.org/W2563761673","https://openalex.org/W2603209188","https://openalex.org/W2789954659","https://openalex.org/W2790908287","https://openalex.org/W2802860265","https://openalex.org/W2905152988","https://openalex.org/W2950758158","https://openalex.org/W2965720422","https://openalex.org/W2967685909","https://openalex.org/W2969755758","https://openalex.org/W2995476185","https://openalex.org/W2996421404","https://openalex.org/W3036991073","https://openalex.org/W3083815576","https://openalex.org/W3120459931","https://openalex.org/W3122961957","https://openalex.org/W3133525299","https://openalex.org/W3135298920","https://openalex.org/W3181563027","https://openalex.org/W3201755858","https://openalex.org/W3203101416","https://openalex.org/W3217708662","https://openalex.org/W4205880161","https://openalex.org/W4283023357","https://openalex.org/W4289929681","https://openalex.org/W4291950421","https://openalex.org/W4306867304","https://openalex.org/W4310121801","https://openalex.org/W4313892274","https://openalex.org/W4318481431","https://openalex.org/W4319729152","https://openalex.org/W4321769993","https://openalex.org/W4322721480","https://openalex.org/W4377088632","https://openalex.org/W4385221409","https://openalex.org/W4385357850","https://openalex.org/W4386504389","https://openalex.org/W4391533827","https://openalex.org/W4391592758","https://openalex.org/W4392196322","https://openalex.org/W4393852406","https://openalex.org/W4395956381","https://openalex.org/W4402064764","https://openalex.org/W4403929667","https://openalex.org/W4406084869","https://openalex.org/W4408195458","https://openalex.org/W4408507010","https://openalex.org/W4409207912","https://openalex.org/W4414214651","https://openalex.org/W4414882038","https://openalex.org/W7130502776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121190060","https://openalex.org/W4411865945","https://openalex.org/W2317276408","https://openalex.org/W4413183945","https://openalex.org/W2766398999","https://openalex.org/W4387972583","https://openalex.org/W7081566704","https://openalex.org/W4414663218","https://openalex.org/W3080239482","https://openalex.org/W4385313261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"site":[1,152],"characterisation":[2],"is":[3,12],"essential":[4],"in":[5,9,130,137,193],"geotechnical":[6,158],"engineering,":[7],"but":[8,74],"practice,":[10],"it":[11],"often":[13],"constrained":[14],"by":[15,77,122,155],"the":[16,31,41,90,147],"limited":[17,76],"availability":[18],"of":[19,35,43],"field":[20],"data":[21,124,172],"such":[22,54],"as":[23,55,184],"cone":[24],"penetration":[25],"tests":[26],"(CPTs).":[27],"When":[28],"combined":[29],"with":[30],"complex":[32],"three-dimensional":[33],"variability":[34],"geological":[36],"materials,":[37],"this":[38,87],"limitation":[39],"makes":[40],"reconstruction":[42],"reliable":[44,135],"ground":[45,106,191],"models":[46],"a":[47,97,185],"persistent":[48],"challenge.":[49],"Widely":[50],"used":[51],"interpolation":[52,100,116],"methods,":[53],"Kriging":[56],"and":[57,66,104,160,170,179],"Inverse":[58],"Distance":[59],"Weighting":[60,93],"(IDW),":[61],"involve":[62],"trade-offs":[63],"between":[64,177],"accuracy":[65,178],"efficiency.":[67],"Adaptive":[68,92],"IDW":[69],"(AIDW)":[70],"incorporates":[71],"data-density-based":[72],"weighting":[73],"remains":[75],"reliance":[78],"on":[79,167],"globally":[80],"defined":[81],"data.":[82,110],"To":[83],"overcome":[84],"these":[85],"challenges,":[86],"study":[88],"introduces":[89],"Smoothed":[91],"Average":[94],"(SAWA)":[95],"method,":[96],"robust":[98],"spatial":[99],"approach":[101],"for":[102,150,188],"efficient":[103],"accurate":[105],"modelling":[107,192],"from":[108],"sparse":[109],"SAWA":[111,144,183],"employs":[112],"an":[113],"adaptively":[114],"adjusted":[115],"radius":[117],"at":[118],"each":[119],"location,":[120],"determined":[121],"local":[123],"density.":[125],"This":[126],"strategy":[127],"enhances":[128],"resolution":[129],"data-rich":[131],"regions":[132],"while":[133],"ensuring":[134],"prediction":[136],"sparsely":[138],"sampled":[139],"areas.":[140],"In":[141],"doing":[142],"so,":[143],"directly":[145],"addresses":[146],"growing":[148],"demand":[149],"data-density-aware":[151],"characterisation,":[153],"driven":[154],"increasingly":[156],"large":[157],"datasets":[159],"emerging":[161],"digital":[162],"twin":[163],"applications.":[164],"Case":[165],"studies":[166],"both":[168],"synthetic":[169],"real-world":[171],"confirm":[173],"its":[174],"strong":[175],"balance":[176],"computational":[180],"efficiency,":[181],"establishing":[182],"promising":[186],"tool":[187],"scalable":[189],"3D":[190],"data-limited":[194],"practice.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}