{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225185397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning\u2010Based Integrated Guidance and Control With Impact Angle and Field\u2010of\u2010View Constraints Under Bearing\u2010Only Measurements","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning\u2010Based Integrated Guidance and Control With Impact Angle and Field\u2010of\u2010View Constraints Under Bearing\u2010Only Measurements","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225185397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/acs.70162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65092430","display_name":"International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing","issn_l":"0890-6327","issn":["0890-6327","1099-1115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827015","display_name":"Sujie Xian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2330-0483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2330-0483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujie Xian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2330-0483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160435035","display_name":"Xin Zeng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123391919","display_name":"Kang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8502-9564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8502-9564"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8502-9564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056727798","display_name":"Jie Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-3945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-3945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-3945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103241063","display_name":"Zhilin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-4057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-4057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhilin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-4057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology  Nanjing Jiangsu China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056727798","https://openalex.org/A5103241063"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":{"value":3460,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3460},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79904546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12158","display_name":"Guidance and Control Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-guidance-and-control","display_name":"integrated guidance and control","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing-only-measurements","display_name":"bearing-only measurements","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impact-angle-constraint","display_name":"impact angle constraint","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limited-field-of-view","display_name":"limited field of view","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"deep reinforcement learning","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximal-policy-optimization","display_name":"proximal policy optimization","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capture-zone","display_name":"capture zone","score":0.7089999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778857364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974850","display_name":"Missile","level":2,"score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5468999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649097","display_name":"Proportional navigation","level":3,"score":0.43560001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522053795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2335090","display_name":"Missile guidance","level":3,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201004817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707071","display_name":"Guidance system","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991746120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Deflection angle","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/acs.70162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.70162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65092430","display_name":"International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing","issn_l":"0890-6327","issn":["0890-6327","1099-1115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990483871","https://openalex.org/W2126765277","https://openalex.org/W2763351901","https://openalex.org/W2791603948","https://openalex.org/W2808153652","https://openalex.org/W3094602322","https://openalex.org/W4226042131","https://openalex.org/W4226330251","https://openalex.org/W4297094606","https://openalex.org/W4310076607","https://openalex.org/W4381730733","https://openalex.org/W4385575420","https://openalex.org/W4385688359","https://openalex.org/W4386515360","https://openalex.org/W4388196824","https://openalex.org/W4388573582","https://openalex.org/W4388774135","https://openalex.org/W4389365341","https://openalex.org/W4389397858","https://openalex.org/W4391735679","https://openalex.org/W4392302715","https://openalex.org/W4394595329","https://openalex.org/W4399204399","https://openalex.org/W4399364376","https://openalex.org/W4401377234","https://openalex.org/W4401419087","https://openalex.org/W4401800309","https://openalex.org/W4401809120","https://openalex.org/W4402815173","https://openalex.org/W4405166122","https://openalex.org/W4406815092","https://openalex.org/W4407566343","https://openalex.org/W4410000395","https://openalex.org/W7153981024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416790404","https://openalex.org/W4388651942","https://openalex.org/W4381730733","https://openalex.org/W4406689866","https://openalex.org/W4410000395","https://openalex.org/W6959642421","https://openalex.org/W4313854664","https://openalex.org/W7093018208","https://openalex.org/W3062459915","https://openalex.org/W3206412613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Increasingly":[1],"complex":[2],"combat":[3],"missions":[4],"impose":[5],"higher":[6],"demands":[7],"on":[8,107],"missile":[9],"guidance":[10,25,174,194],"performance,":[11],"making":[12],"the":[13,23,81,103,136,150,160,168,204,209],"development":[14],"of":[15,39,192,208],"strapdown":[16,31],"miniature":[17,32],"missiles":[18,33],"an":[19],"important":[20],"trend.":[21],"Addressing":[22],"integrated":[24],"and":[26,37,59,74,84,92,120,135,156,182,206],"control":[27],"(IGC)":[28],"problem":[29],"for":[30],"with":[34,98],"impact":[35],"angle":[36,77],"field":[38],"view":[40],"(FOV)":[41],"constraints":[42],"under":[43,159,176],"bearing\u2010only":[44],"measurements,":[45],"this":[46,112],"paper":[47,113],"proposes":[48],"a":[49,65,85,115,121,142,183],"deep":[50],"reinforcement":[51],"learning":[52,158],"(DRL)\u2010based":[53],"IGC":[54,170],"approach.":[55],"The":[56,71,145],"missile's":[57],"kinematic":[58],"dynamic":[60],"models":[61],"are":[62,78,95,139],"formulated":[63],"as":[64,80,102],"discrete\u2010time":[66],"Markov":[67],"decision":[68],"process":[69],"(MDP).":[70],"impact\u2010angle":[72],"error":[73],"body\u2010line\u2010of\u2010sight":[75],"(BLOS)":[76],"selected":[79],"state":[82],"variables,":[83],"corresponding":[86],"reward":[87],"function":[88],"is":[89,130],"constructed.":[90],"Policy":[91,163],"value":[93],"networks":[94],"established":[96],"accordingly,":[97],"fin":[99],"deflection":[100],"serving":[101],"policy":[104,109],"action.":[105],"Building":[106],"proximal":[108],"optimization":[110],"(PPO),":[111],"introduces":[114],"segment\u2010wise":[116],"advantage":[117],"sampling":[118],"strategy":[119],"sliding\u2010window":[122,143],"data":[123,138],"update":[124],"method.":[125,211],"An":[126],"elite":[127],"trajectory":[128],"buffer":[129],"maintained":[131],"to":[132,187],"guide":[133],"training,":[134],"training":[137,146],"refreshed":[140],"in":[141],"manner.":[144],"results":[147,165,202],"indicate":[148,166],"that":[149,167],"improved":[151],"algorithm":[152],"provides":[153],"more":[154],"stable":[155],"efficient":[157],"tested":[161],"conditions.":[162],"test":[164],"proposed":[169],"approach":[171],"maintains":[172],"excellent":[173],"performance":[175],"varying":[177],"conditions,":[178],"exhibiting":[179],"strong":[180],"robustness":[181],"capture":[184],"region":[185],"comparable":[186],"or":[188],"larger":[189],"than":[190],"those":[191],"existing":[193],"laws":[195],"while":[196],"using":[197],"less":[198],"measurement":[199],"information.":[200],"These":[201],"validate":[203],"effectiveness":[205],"superiority":[207],"presented":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}