{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225179028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","title":"Formaldehyde Emission from Passenger Vehicle Interior Materials: Sources, Release Dynamics, and Formaldehyde-Free Alternatives","display_name":"Formaldehyde Emission from Passenger Vehicle Interior Materials: Sources, Release Dynamics, and Formaldehyde-Free Alternatives","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225179028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38607.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160133342","display_name":"Leo Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["High School Affiliated to Renmin University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"High School Affiliated to Renmin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160133342"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78906216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"267","issue":"1","first_page":"None","last_page":"None"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formaldehyde-emission","display_name":"formaldehyde emission","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interior-decoration-materials","display_name":"interior materials","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-source-attribution","display_name":"emission source attribution","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-coefficient","display_name":"diffusion coefficient","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition-coefficient","display_name":"partition coefficient","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging-materials","display_name":"aging materials","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-effects","display_name":"temperature effects","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humidity-effects","display_name":"humidity effects","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrolysis","display_name":"hydrolysis","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-formation","display_name":"secondary formation","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adhesives","display_name":"adhesives","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isocyanates","display_name":"isocyanates","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyurethane","display_name":"polyurethane","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epoxy-resin","display_name":"epoxy resin","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyvinyl-acetate","display_name":"polyvinyl acetate","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hot-melt-adhesives","display_name":"hot melt adhesives","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biobased-adhesives","display_name":"bio-based adhesives","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-testing","display_name":"emission testing","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775930285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161210","display_name":"Formaldehyde","level":2,"score":0.733299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68928338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131790","display_name":"Adhesive","level":3,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.617900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200457457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584049","display_name":"Ventilation (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103208741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675349","display_name":"Service life","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158960510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Relative humidity","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2027.38607","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38607.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225179028.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225179028.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032967856","https://openalex.org/W2089782593","https://openalex.org/W2113436956","https://openalex.org/W2924816637","https://openalex.org/W2945313849","https://openalex.org/W2994962978","https://openalex.org/W3033400205","https://openalex.org/W4210821219","https://openalex.org/W4289205514","https://openalex.org/W4365150479","https://openalex.org/W4400914154","https://openalex.org/W4406435336"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406435336","https://openalex.org/W4210821219","https://openalex.org/W2989654687","https://openalex.org/W3033400205","https://openalex.org/W2364196552","https://openalex.org/W2312250520","https://openalex.org/W2196288191","https://openalex.org/W1970257201","https://openalex.org/W2904302731","https://openalex.org/W2460304676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passenger-vehicle":[0],"cabins":[1],"contain":[2],"a":[3,9,125,163,196,206],"large":[4],"exposed":[5],"material":[6],"area":[7],"within":[8],"small":[10],"air":[11],"volume,":[12],"so":[13],"emissions":[14,203],"from":[15],"seats,":[16],"carpets,":[17],"headliners,":[18],"dashboards,":[19],"door":[20],"trim,":[21],"seals":[22],"and":[23,37,43,45,86,90,100,106,155,180,183,190],"adhesives":[24],"can":[25,50,132],"accumulate":[26],"when":[27],"ventilation":[28],"is":[29,120],"limited.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"examines":[33],"how":[34],"interior-material":[35],"composition":[36],"manufacture":[38],"determine":[39],"formaldehyde":[40,118,161,202],"formation,":[41],"migration":[42],"release,":[44],"whether":[46],"nominally":[47],"formaldehyde-free":[48],"alternatives":[49],"be":[51,133],"regarded":[52],"as":[53,162],"low-emitting":[54],"throughout":[55],"service":[56],"life.":[57],"A":[58],"structured":[59],"secondary-data":[60],"synthesis":[61],"was":[62],"developed":[63],"around":[64],"source":[65,111],"chemistry,":[66],"the":[67],"initial":[68],"emittable":[69],"concentration":[70,119],"(C":[71],"0":[72],"),":[73,79],"material-phase":[74],"diffusion":[75],"coefficient":[76,82],"(D":[77],"m":[78],"material-air":[80],"partition":[81],"(K),":[83],"environmental":[84],"conditions":[85],"ageing.":[87,192],"Published":[88],"chamber":[89],"vehicle":[91,201],"studies":[92],"show":[93],"that":[94,117],"temperature":[95],"strongly":[96],"changes":[97],"emission":[98,188],"parameters":[99],"cabin":[101],"concentration,":[102],"while":[103],"multilayer":[104],"construction":[105],"concealed":[107],"adhesive":[108,157],"layers":[109],"complicate":[110],"attribution.":[112],"Field":[113],"evidence":[114,194],"further":[115],"shows":[116],"not":[121,166],"described":[122],"adequately":[123],"by":[124,135],"single":[126],"universal":[127],"release":[128,208],"period:":[129],"early":[130],"depletion":[131],"followed":[134],"slower":[136],"diffusion,":[137],"humidity-sensitive":[138],"hydrolysis,":[139],"thermal":[140],"reactivation":[141],"or":[142],"secondary":[143],"formation.":[144],"Formaldehyde-free":[145],"preparation":[146],"routes":[147],"include":[148],"isocyanate,":[149],"polyurethane,":[150],"epoxy,":[151],"polyvinyl":[152],"acetate,":[153],"hot-melt":[154],"bio-based":[156],"systems,":[158],"but":[159],"replacing":[160],"feedstock":[164],"does":[165],"establish":[167],"zero":[168],"lifetime":[169],"emission.":[170],"The":[171,193],"most":[172],"defensible":[173],"evaluation":[174],"therefore":[175],"distinguishes":[176],"formaldehyde-based,":[177],"low-formaldehyde,":[178],"no-added-formaldehyde":[179],"below-detection":[181],"claims,":[182],"combines":[184],"formulation":[185],"disclosure,":[186],"standardised":[187],"testing":[189],"heat/humidity":[191],"supports":[195],"condition-specific,":[197],"mechanism-based":[198],"description":[199],"of":[200],"rather":[204],"than":[205],"fixed":[207],"cycle.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}