{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225178663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","title":"Al3+-Crosslinked Transparent Ionic Conductive PAA-Lysine Hydrogels Toward Flexible High-Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensors","display_name":"Al3+-Crosslinked Transparent Ionic Conductive PAA-Lysine Hydrogels Toward Flexible High-Sensitivity Electrochemical Sensors","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225178663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/gels12111000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737559645","display_name":"Gels","issn_l":"2310-2861","issn":["2310-2861"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160454269","display_name":"Yang Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160530982","display_name":"Yaru Chi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaru Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128163762","display_name":"Zixuan Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160454269"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2534},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2534},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73463117,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"1000","last_page":"1000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionic-conductive-hydrogel","display_name":"ionic conductive hydrogel","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-acrylic-acid","display_name":"poly(acrylic acid)","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-lysine","display_name":"L-lysine","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexible-strain-sensors","display_name":"flexible strain sensors","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels","display_name":"self-healing hydrogels","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-temperature-stability","display_name":"low-temperature stability","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibacterial-hydrogel","display_name":"antibacterial hydrogel","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility","display_name":"biocompatibility","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supramolecular-networks","display_name":"supramolecular networks","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-electronics","display_name":"wearable electronics","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-sensor","display_name":"electrochemical sensor","score":0.8529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.840399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7857999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1318750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663","display_name":"Biocompatible material","level":2,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60515610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174502","display_name":"Bioelectronics","level":3,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198490522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1932915","display_name":"Piezoresistive effect","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154881586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898579","display_name":"Ionic liquid","level":3,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84967400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066289","display_name":"Flexible electronics","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138679309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6063658","display_name":"Ionic conductivity","level":4,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93275456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756449","display_name":"Supramolecular chemistry","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88484716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679","display_name":"Smart material","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26856880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910150","display_name":"Self-assembly","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/gels12111000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737559645","display_name":"Gels","issn_l":"2310-2861","issn":["2310-2861"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gels","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/gels12111000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12111000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737559645","display_name":"Gels","issn_l":"2310-2861","issn":["2310-2861"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gels","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2508301070","https://openalex.org/W2735123720","https://openalex.org/W2768575818","https://openalex.org/W2800969772","https://openalex.org/W2874336409","https://openalex.org/W2890945551","https://openalex.org/W2945136930","https://openalex.org/W2992817920","https://openalex.org/W3033549960","https://openalex.org/W3082457442","https://openalex.org/W3111419163","https://openalex.org/W3123907809","https://openalex.org/W3132851154","https://openalex.org/W3138561346","https://openalex.org/W3152593688","https://openalex.org/W3164277723","https://openalex.org/W3173104141","https://openalex.org/W3211447338","https://openalex.org/W4205774484","https://openalex.org/W4206347423","https://openalex.org/W4212870080","https://openalex.org/W4294708707","https://openalex.org/W4301823202","https://openalex.org/W4306247784","https://openalex.org/W4313812526","https://openalex.org/W4327602517","https://openalex.org/W4365811158","https://openalex.org/W4381598819","https://openalex.org/W4382023794","https://openalex.org/W4386033659","https://openalex.org/W4389855337","https://openalex.org/W4391696539","https://openalex.org/W4392367501","https://openalex.org/W4396694120","https://openalex.org/W4401471531","https://openalex.org/W4403896123","https://openalex.org/W4407325166","https://openalex.org/W4407862799","https://openalex.org/W4408282544","https://openalex.org/W4409343069","https://openalex.org/W4412053093","https://openalex.org/W4412084796","https://openalex.org/W4412192160","https://openalex.org/W4412526270","https://openalex.org/W4415584807","https://openalex.org/W4415746371","https://openalex.org/W4415939185","https://openalex.org/W7125920739","https://openalex.org/W7160089532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163694677","https://openalex.org/W4400839917","https://openalex.org/W4324387538","https://openalex.org/W4407180358","https://openalex.org/W4388571663","https://openalex.org/W4389990182","https://openalex.org/W4387579875","https://openalex.org/W4408907197","https://openalex.org/W7165693809","https://openalex.org/W7118029807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flexible":[0],"hydrogel":[1,41,64,106,134],"sensors":[2],"hold":[3],"great":[4],"promise":[5],"in":[6,137],"wearable":[7],"electronics,":[8],"smart":[9],"healthcare,":[10],"and":[11,32,48,69,112,129,145],"human\u2013machine":[12],"interfaces,":[13],"yet":[14],"their":[15],"practical":[16],"applications":[17],"are":[18],"often":[19],"hindered":[20],"by":[21],"poor":[22],"mechanical":[23,118],"robustness,":[24],"insufficient":[25],"low-temperature":[26],"tolerance,":[27],"lack":[28],"of":[29,43,94,123],"self-healing":[30,67],"ability,":[31],"inferior":[33],"biocompatibility.":[34,77],"Herein,":[35],"we":[36],"present":[37],"a":[38,100],"multifunctional":[39],"ionic":[40,102],"composed":[42],"poly":[44],"(acrylic":[45],"acid),":[46],"L-lysine,":[47],"aluminum":[49],"ions":[50],"(PAA-Lys-Al3+)":[51],"for":[52],"high-performance":[53],"flexible":[54,101,138],"strain":[55],"sensors.":[56],"Benefiting":[57],"from":[58],"its":[59],"supramolecular":[60],"network":[61],"structure,":[62],"the":[63,79,90,104,133],"exhibits":[65],"efficient":[66],"behavior":[68],"favorable":[70],"antibacterial":[71],"activity,":[72],"as":[73,75],"well":[74],"good":[76],"Impressively,":[78],"gel":[80],"maintains":[81],"stable":[82],"gel-like":[83],"properties":[84],"even":[85],"at":[86],"\u221210":[87],"\u00b0C,":[88],"overcoming":[89],"typical":[91],"freezing-induced":[92],"embrittlement":[93],"conventional":[95],"hydrogels.":[96],"When":[97],"assembled":[98],"into":[99],"sensor,":[103],"PAA-Lys-Al3+":[105],"delivers":[107],"high":[108],"sensitivity,":[109],"fast":[110],"response,":[111],"reliable":[113],"signal":[114],"output":[115],"toward":[116],"various":[117],"deformations.":[119],"This":[120],"integrated":[121],"combination":[122],"antifreeze-resistant,":[124],"self-healing,":[125],"tough,":[126],"elastic,":[127],"antibacterial,":[128],"biocompatible":[130],"features":[131],"makes":[132],"highly":[135],"competitive":[136],"sensing":[139],"devices":[140],"operated":[141],"under":[142],"harsh":[143],"environments":[144],"biomedical":[146],"scenarios.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-11-04T00:00:00"}
